Attention and Feedback Flashcards
what is attention?
fixed pool of mental resources available for information processing
overt vs covert attention
overt uses gaze fixation and covert does not
if demands exceed attention resources:
takes will become more difficult; cannot multi-task
what is selective attention?
ability to select a subset of information from larger set ex. listening to one headphone
what is sustained attention?
ability to maintain direct focus during continuous or repetitive activity ex. RT task of specific number press
what is divided attention?
ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks ex. dual-task
how do we allocate attentional resources?
ensure completion of one task, meaningfulness of event (bottom-up control) and momentary intentions (top-down control - higher level)
what is highway hypnosis?
sustained attention causing failure to maintain vigilance and detect stimulus and divided attention due to intensity of all attended elements is lost
what is controlled processing?
slow, attention demanding, serial and volitional ex. taping head and rubbing stomach
what is automatic processing?
fast, not attention demanding, organized in parallel and involuntary ex. pro saccade
what is the psychological refractory period?
increased time to respond to stimulus when presented closely after other stimulus (reached point of no return) ex. bottleneck theory
sport example of PRP:
fake-out; S1 (fake) would go into bottleneck and S2 would not be comprehended until S1 is complete
sensorimotor integration and attention:
increase in cortical excitability of attended body part ex. MEP in hand, overt attention will increase excitability
what is associative focus:
focus on bodily sensations generated by performance
what is dissociative focus?
blocking out bodily sensations from performance ex. pain
what is broad focus:
focus on many aspects of performance (divided attention)
what is narrow focus?
focus on subset of performance aspects (selective attention)
what is internal focus?
focus on the body’s actions
what is external focus?
focus on the outcome achieved by the body’s actions
benefits of external focus:
results in greater learning; retention is higher
what is the constrained action hypothesis?
use of internal focus causes interference in automatic process results in decreased performance (integration/organization is disrupted)
support for CAH:
external focus is related to task automaticity, increased correction of body movements and more efficient motor planning (faster)
evidence against CAH:
internal focus is better for novices; increased attention to task and focus of attention
attention and motor control:
external focus improves accuracy but increases trial by trial variability (to explore different kinematic approaches)
key consideration of external focus:
focus should be closer to the body and increase distance away as skill progresses
what is choking under pressure?
occurs in high pressure situation; increase in self-consciousness and creates internal focus causing disruption of automatic skill; also creates a dual-task environment (demand exceeds mental resources)
what is feedback?
information that performer received related to skill performance
intrinsic vs extrinsic feedback
intrinsic is internal information generated (proprioception, exteroceptive); extrinsic is not self-generated (from coach/teammate)
KR feedback:
extrinsic feedback related to outcome; critical if there is lack on intrinsic feedback
KP feedback:
extrinsic feedback related to movement characteristics used; shows positive and negative aspects of movement
descriptive vs prescriptive KP:
descriptive is about prior movement and prescriptive is used in future movements
characteristics of feedback:
general (novice), specific (expert), qualitative (novice), quantitative (expert), external focus (both), internal focus (none), correctness or error
what is concurrent feedback?
KP only, feedback during movement; no errors so little learning occurs
feedback after movement:
can be KR or KP, more effective in producing sustained changes, allows time for reflection
what is the feedback delay interval?
time after movement for learner to reflect internally then providing feedback (delayed KR or KP)
what is post-feedback delay interval?
time after feedback is given to the learner to allow them to process internally and find way to use the feedback for next movement
augmented feedback:
creates feedback dependency and can hinder learning; guides behaviour towards incorrect movement
faded feedback:
feedback frequency is high in early practice and reduced; makes learner generate intrinsic feedback
bandwidth feedback:
feedback when errors go out of certain range of correctness (tolerance range); decreased error feedback unless they are very off
summary feedback:
feedback about series of trials; cannot associate feedback to specific trial; encourages intrinsic feedback; some limitation with working memory (qualitative)
average feedback:
augmented feedback that presents average of two or more trials; shows error tendency (quantitative)
learner-determined feedback:
schedule of feedback is determined by the learner
motivating feedback:
KR encourages practice, shows increased retention of skill and accuracy with positive feedback
