Attention Flashcards

1
Q

What is attention?

A

Given limited capacity to process competing options, attentional mechanisms select, modulate, and sustain focus on information most relevant for behavior

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2
Q

Attention sources

A
  1. Exogenous: in the environment, reflexive, automatic, “bottom-up”
  2. Endogenous: in the mind, voluntary, intentional, “top-down”
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3
Q

Attention targets

A
  1. External: sensory info, in the environment
    • A sensory modality, spatial location, feature, or object
  2. Internal: mental representations, in the mind
    • A memory, imagery, or plan
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4
Q

Attention types

A
  1. Overt and covert
  2. Transient and sustained
  3. Selective and divided
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5
Q

Overt vs. Covert

A
  • Overt: Involves actual movement of the sensory surface, e.g.: moving
    the eyes, directing the ear
  • Covert: Does not involve actual movement, e.g.: “looking out the corner
    of your eye”, “eavesdropping on a conversation at the next table”
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6
Q

transient vs. sustained

A
  • Transient: Momentary focus on something
  • Sustained: Prolonged focus on something
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7
Q

Selective vs. divided

A
  • Selective: Focus on one thing to the exclusion of others
  • Divided: Try to focus on multiple things simultaneously
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8
Q

Dichotic listening

A

-Source: endogenous
● “Attend to the left ear”
- Target: external
● Sounds entering ear
- Covert
- Sustained
- Selective

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9
Q

Dichotic listening: Cherry (1953)

A
  • Could report existence of
    message
  • Could report gender of
    speaker
  • Could NOT report content
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10
Q

Dichotic listening: Moray (1959)

A
  • Could report change in
    gender of speaker
  • Could report change in
    pitch of a tone
  • Could NOT report a word
    repeated 35 times!
  • Could report hearing own
    name
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11
Q

Dichotic listening: Gray & Weddeburn (1960)

A
  • Told to shadow left ear
  • Left ear hears: “Dear 7 Jane”
  • Right ear hears: “9 Aunt 6”
  • Participant reports: “Dear Aunt Jane”
  • Meaning of unattended words
    being taken into account
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12
Q

Dichotic listening: McKay (1973)

A
  • Meaning of biasing word
    (“river” or “money”) in
    unattended ear affected
    participants’ choice
  • However, participants were
    unaware of presentation of
    biasing words
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13
Q

Attentional selection models

A
  • Early all-or-none filtering (Broadbent) occurs between low-level perceptual and high-level semantic analysis
  • Early attenuation (Treisman) occurs between low-level perceptual and high-level semantic analysis
  • Late selection model (McKay) occurs between high-level semantic analysis and decision-making/memory storage
  • Strategic control of attention:
    ● Early versus late selection can
    be chosen based on situation and approach
    ● Attention is applied by top-
    down modulation
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14
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A
  • Non-invasive technique
  • Measures surface electric fields generated by post- synaptic potentials in
    dendrites of neurons
  • High temporal resolution: signal sampled >1000/sec
  • Low spatial resolution: up to 256 electrodes
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15
Q

Event-related potentials (ERPs)

A
  • Average of EEG signals
  • Time-locked to event of interest
  • Typically plotted with negative up
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16
Q

Attentional stream paradigm

A
  • Random sequence of auditory “pips”
  • Occasional deviant targets (different volume or pitch)
  • Instructed to attend to one ear
  • No effect of attention on brainstem evoked potentials
  • Effect of attention on midlatency potentials (primary auditory) and late waves (secondary/tertiary auditory)
17
Q

Posner’s orienting task

A
  • Maintain central fixation
  • Spatially cued trials
    ● 80% valid
    ● 20% invalid
  • Neutral trials
    ● No spatial cue
  • Source: endogenous
  • Target: external
  • Covert
  • Transient
  • Selective?
18
Q

(McAdams and Maunsell, 1999)

A
  • Orientation tuning curve: Attention causes gain (multiplicativescaling), but no change in feature selectivity
19
Q

Visual attention and V4 neurons

A

Attention enhances signal-to-noise ratio:
- No contrast:
● Small response
● Small change
- Subthreshold/Medium:
● Medium response
● Big change
- High contrast
● Big response
● Small change

20
Q

Synchronization in V1 and V4 (Bosman et al. 2005)

A
  • Recording local field potentials (LFPs) in V1 & V4
  • Attention to a stimulus increases synchronization between brain areas representing that stimulus
21
Q

The effects of attention

A
  • Attention affects reaction time, accuracy, and awareness of sensory stimuli
  • Attention can have effects less than 100 ms after stimulus onset
  • Attention modulates neural activity in brain areas for locations and objects
  • Attention enhances neural response to attended stimuli (e.g. enhanced signal-to-noise ratio)
  • Attention increases neural synchronization between brain areas
22
Q

Unilateral (hemispatial) neglect

A
  • A defict of attention
  • A deficit in perceiving & responding to stimulation contralateral to damaged hemisphere
  • Cannot be explained by primary sensory or motor disturbance
23
Q

Reference frames of of neglect

A
  • Spatial
    ● e.g. neglect of left side of space
    ● Location-based attention
  • Object-based
    ● e.g. neglect of left side of objects
    ● Object-based attention
24
Q

Attentional control network

A

Regions involved in endogenous and exogenous shifts of attention

25
Role of frontal eye fields
FEF stimulation enhances V4 response, only when stimulus occurs in V4 receptive field
26
Change blindness
changes in a picture or scene over time are not immediately apparent if not attended to
27
Flicker paradigm (Resnick et al. 1997)
Image and one similar one with something missing or different flicker between each other - endogenous, external, overt, transient, and selective