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Cognitive Psychology 2.0 > Attention > Flashcards

Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

Attention

A

cognitive brain mechanisms taht allow one to process relevant thoughts or actions while ignoring the irrelivant ones

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2
Q

cocktail effect

A

even with a bunch of noise in a room, we can focus our attention on one person

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3
Q

dichotic listening

A

both ears recieve stimuli in synchrony and participants are asked to only attend to one channel => participants dont notice change in language but do notice changes in voice (m/f) or speech to beeps

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4
Q

shadowing

A

participants repeat stimuli aloud from the attended channel and ignore the stimuli presented in the unattended channel

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5
Q

early selection theory

A

selecting information is made at early processing stages => physical properties are filtered immediately and blocks semantic processing

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6
Q

broadbents filter theory

A

information is filtered after a sensory buffer but before short term memory based on physical characteristics (early selection theory)

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7
Q

what did Moray find?

A

high priority input in unattended ear was not always filtered out

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8
Q

what did von wright find?

A

even related words that arent the same can increase GSR (anxious response)

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9
Q

what did Treisman find?

A

the shadowed story changed from attended to unattended ear but participants continued shadowing the story => meaning is extracted

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10
Q

what did Mackay find?

A

the unattended ear influences interpretation and bias ambiguous sentences but the message is still interpreted

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11
Q

late selection theory

A

within sensory limits, all stimuli (unattended and attended) are processed to the same deep level of analysis until stimulation identification occurs => most important stimuli are selected for further processing (perception is automatic)

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12
Q

Treisman Attenuation Model

A

non attended channels are not shut down but adjusted so if meaningful information in unattended channel reaches threshold levels of intensity it is selected

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13
Q

how did head up display affect pilots?

A

they were more likely to crash and less likely to see another plane

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14
Q

perceptual load theory

A

perception is automatic until it runs out of capacity (early or late depending on task) => amount for main task depends on perceptual load (when things are more complicated we need more attention for them)

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15
Q

when does the incongruent distractor affect us more?

A

when we have a low perceptual load => late bottle neck when perceptual load is low

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16
Q

when does breadbent argue the bottleneck occurs?

A

early

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17
Q

when does traisman argue the bottleneck occurs?

A

early/midway

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18
Q

when does deutsch and Deutsch argue the bottleneck occurs?

A

late

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19
Q

when does Lavie argue the bottleneck occurs?

A

variable

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20
Q

dual task interference

A

multitasking => the more resources a task draws the more interference it causes on the other tasks

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21
Q

what do similar tasks share?

A

task specific limitations due to drawing on the same brain region and further interfering with one another

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22
Q

when are people worse at sharing attention in tasks?

A

when tasks are similar instead of difficult

23
Q

response selection

A

finding the proper response when we percieve a sensory input => linked thorugh rules

24
Q

response selector

A

can only map one stimuli at a time => for general attention resources

25
Q

what happens when we practice multitasking?

A

interference is reduced but not eliminated

26
Q

effectiveness of multitasking depends on what 2 things?

A

task specificity and task general (including the response selector)

27
Q

interference when driving is more prevalent if?

A

we are driving and having a conversation rather than listening to the radio => conversing requires thinking

28
Q

when does interference happen more with driving conditions?

A

more in harder courses => less dual task issues when driving conditions are easy

29
Q

what does sequential processing require?

A

task switching

30
Q

patients with frontal lobe damage have a hard time doing what with tasks?

A

switching between them

31
Q

multiple demand system

A

set of frontoparietal regions involved in attention, task control, fluid intelligence, etc. => neurons are flexible

32
Q

what happens to neurons when we task switch?

A

the have to be properly configured with takes time to adapt

33
Q

independent features

A

features are coded by separate systems in the brain such as motion, location, color, orientation, etc.

34
Q

binding problem

A

how we select one object with different features and combine them together

35
Q

feature investigation theory

A

attention constructs the features after independent processing

36
Q

assumptions of feature investigation theory

A

attention is what sticks object features together, we code an object at a time on the basis of its location, we bind together whatever features are at a location

37
Q

after we see an object and move to preattentive stage, what do we do?

A

analyze the object

38
Q

after the preattentive state we move to the focused attention stage, what do we do?

A

combine features together and percieve them (perception)

39
Q

feature search

A

target item has a unique feature (1 feature)

40
Q

conjunction searth

A

we must combine features to find a target => with time restrictions we put different features from different objects together at random

41
Q

spatial attention

A

enhances the detection of events we focus on

42
Q

overt attention

A

distinct eye movements (saccades)c

43
Q

Covert attention

A

attention/mentla shifts without direct eye movement

44
Q

posner paradign

A

design for determinng covert attention => if distractors are on opposite sites, participants may covertly pay attention

45
Q

endogenous cues

A

cues presented at the center of focus where fixation crosses it => voluntary and top down in direct spotlight

46
Q

exogenous cues

A

cues presented outside the center of focus (peripheral)

47
Q

how do we know if someone uses covert attention is posners paragidm?

A

higher reaction times when shown invalid exogenous cues comapred to neutral

48
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

unilateral brain damage in the right hemisphere usually (eat from right) => left is ignored

49
Q

how to test for neglect

A

copying, spontaneous drawings, line cancellation

50
Q

cause of hemispatial neglect (usually)

A

stroke that interrupts blood flow to right parietal lobe

51
Q

hemianopia

A

deficit in part of the visual field but patients are aware and will turn their heads

52
Q

extinction

A

left object is neglected when competing stimuli are present

53
Q

visual extinction

A

neuro disorder that occurs after parietal lobe of the brain is damaged that cuases extinction

54
Q

pseudoneglect

A

tendency to be biased toward the left side of space => younger patients are left biased

Cognitive Psychology 2.0 (4 decks)

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