attachments Flashcards
what is an attachment
a close emotional bond between 2 people, characterised by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity
what is reciprocity
where caregiver and infant haven mutual responsiveness, to sustain interations they each have to communicate signals which elicit responses in each other e.g. mother smiles and the baby smiles back
what is interactional synchrony
caregiver - infant interactions are at the same time . they respond in time with each other to sustain communication. this means mirroring the actions, immitating or responding in a co-ordinated way. e.g. mother and baby move there head in time with each other
What did Schaffer and Emerson do
A longitudinal study that observed 60 infants for 1 year
What are Schaffer’s 4 stages of attachment
- Asocial/ pre-attachment stage
- Indiscriminate attachment
- Specific attachment
- Multiple attachments
what is the role of the father
traditionally the role of the father was the breadwinner of the house and didnt have a major role in parenting
in modern times stay at home fathher are increasing
what did hrdy find?
he said tha tfathers are less able to detect infant distress and are less suitabke for primary caregiver roles
what did lamb find?
lamb found that fathers who were the primary caregivers quickly developed sensitivity to childs needs
what did frodi find
there are no physiological differences in response to distressed children which suggests biological factors doesnt explain gender difference in attachment
what did gieger find
fatyhers are for playful and fun interation for children and mother is for comfort
what was lorenz study
he got 12 goslings
6 were naturally hatched by goose
6 were incubated
lorenz made sure to be the first thing the incubated goslins saw so they could attach to him
he put all 12 under a box and got an asssistant to lift the box up, the incubated goslings went to him and the naturally hatched ones went to goose
what were lorenz findings
incutbated goslings followed lorenz arround
after box experiment incubated whent to lorenz and natural went to goose
bonds were irreversable
when incubated grew up they tried to mate with humans
imprinting would occur between 4-25hrs otherwise they wouldnt be able to make attachment
imprinting took average 10 mins
what was lorenzs conclusion
imprinting was innate
theres a critical period to imprint otherwise attachment cant be made
imprinting was important for long and short term relationships
what was harlows study
he got 16 monkeys and put them in cages straight from birth
they had access to a mother made out of wire and one out of cloth
there were 4 conditions
1) wire with milk and cloth mother without milk
2)wire without and cloth with milk
3) just wire with milk
4) just cloth with milk
what were harlows findings
monkeys prefered cloth mother
monkeys with just wie were very distressed and had diahoeria
spent up tp 15hrs with cloth and 1hr with wire
if monkeys got releases before 3 months, they could recover anything after thant, they couldint
what was harlows conclusion
supports evolutionary theory
comfort and sensitivity response was more important that food
supports critical period of attachment
what was the learning theory
that you learn attachment through classical conditioning (association) and operant conditioning (consequences)
children make attachments because we want food
and parents make attachments with child to shut them up
what was bowlbys monotropic theory
hes said that attachment is :
-monotrpic ( infants have 1 primary attachment)
- innate and adaptive
- infants use social releasers
- it has a critical period
- it formas are internal working model
what was ainsworth strange situation
where an infant would be put in distressing situations to observe there proximity seeking, reunion behaviour, exploration, speration anxiety, stranger anxiety
what were the 3 attachment types
type A- insecure avoidant
type B- secure
type C- insecure resistent
what is insecure avoidant?
caused by unresponsive primary care
where a child scores low in PRESS
what is secure
cause by sensitive and responsive primary care
scored moderate in PRESS
what is insecure resistant
caused by inconsitent primary care
scored high in PRESS
what was van ljzendoorn’s cultural variation study
he did a meta analysis of studies across the world that used the strange situation method to see if attachment changed culturally
how many countires and studies did van ljzendoorn use
he used 8 countries and 32 studies were analysed
what were van ljzendoorn’s conclusion for the cultural variations study
in german culture type A was greater this may be due to its emphasis on independance.
type a was found more in western cultures
type c was found more in western cultures
overall type b was the more common attachment type
what are the 4 parts to bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation
- mother love is just as important as a childs mental and physical health
- spereation from the mother can do severe damage to a child
- maternal deprivation can lead to alot of long term effects e.g pyschopathy, developmenatla disability, delinquency, aggression, depression ect
4.maternal deprivation is irreversable
what was the aim of rutters romanian orphan study
to investigate lloong term affects of intituational care and to see the extent which good care could make up for poor early experiences in institutions.
What was rutters romanian orphan study’s procedure
Longitudinal study in early 1990’s- group of romanian orphans adopted to uk from institutions.
Sample of 165 kids (144 from institutions) placed in home aged 4 and studied at aged 4,6,11
What we’re rutters results
Physical development: severely malnourished
Intellectual development:
-adopted before 6 months=mean IQ 102
- adopted 6 months-2yrs= mean IQ 86
-adopted after 2 yrs= mean IQ 77
Emotional development= 70% adopted after 6 months shows signs of disinhibited attachment(DA)compared to 47% showed DA if adopted before 6months
45% of 70% showed DA at age 11 still
What’s the difference between privation and deprivation
Privation- absence of an attachment
Deprivation- loss or break of an attachment
What is disinhibited attachment( in rutters study)
Because kids in institutions were very attention seeking, there were no signs of stranger attachment I.E they would go up to researchers and sit in their lap and hug them etc
What is developmental disability
Kids raised in institutions had lower In and often needed help in school
What is deprivation dwarfism
Kids institutionalised were often physically smaller e.g kids in rutters study had low weight and head circumference
How does having a secure attachment affect adulthood
Makes them empathic, loving and has a good self esteem
How does having a insecure- avoidant attachment affect adulthood
Problems with emotional intimacy
Invests little in emotional relationships
Unwilling to share feelings
How does having a insecure resistant attachment affect adulthood
Avoids closeness but wants it
Constant worry if partner loves them
Distraught when relationship ends
How does having a secure attachment affect childhood
Close friends
Greater emotional and social competence
More receprical friendships
How does having a insecure avoidant attachment affect childhood
More likely to be bullied
Outcast
How does having a insecure resistant attachment affect childhood
Bully
Life out of control at home so bully try and control situations at school
