Attachment psych Flashcards
What is an attachment?
is a close two way emotional bond between baby and caregiver
Define reciprocity?
when the intercation involves when each person responds to one another and elcittsa response from them.
so for example a caregiver may responds to baby smile and then this elcits a response from the baby.
this is also knwn as turn taking because eahc perosn responds to one another
What are and decribe alert phases?
what research was condcted on this?
when babies signal make eye contatc that theyr are ready for a spell of interaction
mothers often pick up ad responds to these alert phases 2/3rd of the time but depedns on mothers skills and external factors such as stress
What is active involvemnt?
active involvemnt is when the baby also interacts with the caregiver and actually take a active role in responding to the caregivers care and love.
as before it was htought they the baby just passively recives care from the caregiver and doesnt play a role in forming attachments
brazelton said its is like a dance as one each partner responds to each others moves
What is intercationla syncrhny and its role in forming attachments?
when two people are synchronised they carry out the same action in the same way at the same time
can be define as temporal coordination of social behaviour
so the mother and baby mirror each other emotion and actions
What did MELTZOFF and MOORE find about the start of untercational synchrony?
found that babies as little as two weeks old begin interactional synchrny
and found that when recording and filming the babies reaction to its care giver making one of three facial expresssions it mirrored the ones that the careiver had done
why is intercational synchrny so important in creating an attachment
it is important for the devlopment of the infant to caregiver bond attachment to develop
a researcher analysed 30 mother and their babies and degree of synchrony and the quality of mother and baby attachment
and found that high levels of synchrony were asscoaited with high levels of attachment and better emotional bonding
What is one strength of reearch onto caregiver infant intercations?
FILMED OBSVERATIOns
P- were made to obvsver and recored the babies behaviour and reactions and caregiver
E- this comes from meltoxff and morred sudy in which they filmed babies and their caregivers interactional synchrony
E - this is imporant as it means that they can be observed later so its is unliley that the researchers will miss seeing key behvaiours. This also means that multiple obervser can watch the same video and estabalish interrater relibailty.
also babies dont know their being obersvered which menas their behaviou wont change in response to obervation
L- so therefore this data has good relibaity and validty
what is one limitation of rsearch into intercationla synchry and reciprocity?
P - is that it is DIFFICLUT TO OBSERVE BABIES
E- this is becaue abies lack coordiantion and control over their bodies and are immobile.
E- so for example if a baby smiled it could be an actual smile or becase they pass out wind. or if the baby has twitched their hand it maybe random or triggered by something the caregiver has done, so hard to tell from babies perspective.
L- therofr this is a limiation because we can be certian that beaviours seen in caregiver and baby have special meaning
What is another limiation of research into aregiver infat intrcations?
P- another limiation maybe is that these behaviour doesnt tell us its develpmental importance.
E- This coems from a researcher who noted that simply gving names to these observable behaviours of recpipricty and intercational synchrny mean they can be relibaly observed but dotn tell us much about understanding child development
E- as it doesnt tell the purpose of these behavours
L- menaing a limiation becasue this research doesnt actauly tell us why IT AND RECP is important in forming attachments
What are the 4 stages of attachent?
asocial, indiscriminate, specific and multiple
Who were the researchers tat obsverved this?
Schaffer and emmerson who studied baies in their homes with their mothers and visutted them every month for the first year and again at 18 months
mothers were asked about their babies response to seperation sitation and their anxoety of baby and stranger anxity
decribe Asocial stage of attachments?
babies have very similiar behaviour to inanimate objects and humans but reseach did shw that babies do prefer to be with other people and familiar people that they know they can get comfort from
decribe the indisciminate stage of attachment? and at what months?
2-7
Babies begin to show more observable and social behaviour and shwo a preferance for people over inanimate objects
they also recognise and prefere to be with those of familair company and accept cuddled and comfort from anyone
DONT show SEPERATTION ANXIETY OR STARNGER ANXIETY
decribe the 3rd attachment stage and at what months doe sit occur?
7 month mark-
babies start to show csigns of attachment such as anting to be with a specific person
STRANGER ANXIETY develops and SEPERATION ANXIETY when their caregiver/attachment figure leaves
This is a primary attachment figure- who doesnt nesscarily spend the most timw with the baby but pick ups and responsds to babies signals with the most skill.
usually mother-65% of all cases
Describe the 4th attachment stage?
shortly afer displaying seperation and stanger anxiety they extetc this to other people who they spend time with- secondary attachments
by one yr baby develops multiple attachmentts
What is one strengnht of stages of attachment?
P- is that it has good external validty
E- this is becasue schaffer and emerson had let the obervation recred by the mother or caregivers during ordinary activities.
E- which cold have been a problem if researchers were present all the time becasue this babies feel anxious and not react the same way.
L- this means that it is hghly likley that the babies were naturaly obsered in own natural setting making it able to egneralise to other settings.
What is one Limiation of research into stages of attachment?
P- is that there maybe poor eviidnce fro the asocial stage
E- this is because the reseaechers ways of measuring attachments in asocial stage may lack validity, becasue babies are pretty immobile and lack coordintion at less tahn two months
E- so if they did feel anxious they may have displayed this in very subtle ways in whcih it would make it harder for the mother to observe and pick up on
poor feeedback to reseaechers on signs of anxiety and attachment at this age
L- this meas that baies could be very social but appear to be asocial becasue of flawed methods.
What is another stregnth of the stages of attachment?
P- RWA In day cay nurisng
E- this is because n the stage1 and 2 we would expect that babies can be put ito daycar nursing and will be straighforward becasue they can be easily comforted by any skilled adult.
E- But if baby was was put into day care when in the speficic attachment stage hen it could be problematic
L- This means that use of day care can be planned using scheffer emmerosns tsges.
What has reseaerche shown in attachment to father in babies?
shows that baies are less likely to be attached to theri father as the primary care giver compared to mothers
What did schaffer/emmerson find about baby attachment to their fathers?
found that 75% of babies studied in their rrseaech develop an attachment to their father figure by 18 months.- beacaue they protestes when their fathers went away- a sign of attachment
However at 7 months they foundthat babies attach to their mother and only 3% of cases that the father is the first sole object of attachment.
What did a reseaecher find about the distinctive role of father in attachment?
what did they look at and what did they find?
a researcher had carried out a logitudinal study where babies were studied until their late teens
looked at parents behaviour and the quality of later attachments of the baby
and found that the quality of the attachment to the mother was related to the attachments formed later in adulthood, like how many and easily or not.
BUT the quality of the FATHER PLAY AND STIMULATION was related to the quality of attchments they formed at adolesence.
so they have a role of more play and simulation rather than emotional development
what is the significance of a primary caregiver?
A primary attachemtn si those who the baby first forms a attachment to but play a very significant role in emotional development as it form a BASE for all later attachmetns/close emotional relationships
Can a father become a primary caregiver- primary attachemtn for the baby?
YeS- reseaech that had filmed 4 motnth babies withtheir mothers as primary caregivers and father as secndary caregivers
and fathers as their primary caregivers
and found that fathers who were the primary caregiver spent more time imiating and holding the babies hand like primary mother caregiver COMPARED TO secondary caregivers fathers- which are all part of interactinol synchrony and reciprocity that help in the develpment of an attachment.
what does reseaerch show about father being prmiary caregivers?
It showed that father can be a primary caregiver when or if needed and provide the responsivness and close emotional attachment sthat babies may need.
What is one strength of research into the role of the fathr?
P- one + of research into role of the father is that it has real world applicatin
E- this is becasue it can help reducde the stress of parnets that often get worried about who should take the role of the priary caregiver-and could affetc the decision of having childrne or not
E- such as women who may feel pressured to stay at home and and father pressured to stay at work and not take any repsonotly in taking care of the baby- which might not be the good for the economoy because it wont allow the women to work if she has the most income.
but research has hsown that father can take the role of primary caregiver (tifany field) and sinlge parent families can also be reaasured that the one parent can be the only primary attachemtn fiure and wont affetc the emotional develpmet of the child.
L-therefore t can be applied to real wold sitution and help families/parents.
What is one limiation of reseaech into the role of the father in attachemnt?
P- one limiation is confusion of the rseaech question beig aksed
E- this is because the question what is the role of the father is a very complex one - as it could mean as a primairy caregiver or a secnidary caregiver and want to undertsand it in seperate ways.
E- As many see the father as taing ona maternal role or others see the father having a very distict role from the mother
L- therfore its a - becasue ot make it hard to rseaerch the specific role of the fatherand cannot fully answer it
What is a nother limiation of resaerc into the role of the father?
P: conflictiong evdiince
E- this comes fro rseaechers who found that children who growup in same sex or one parent households dont develop differently from those in heterosexual families-
E: Which the study from grossman suggest that babies would be different wothout a father figure becasue they have a role in play and simulation-so would need a father figure to have proper development
L- therfoe the question whether father have a distinct role stil remains unclear
define imprinting ad who studied it?
innate readiness to form an attachment with the caregiver and follow the forst moving object they see
lorenz
descrube the procedure of lorenz chicks/geese?
lorenz got 12 geese eggs used a indepndat groups design
half the egg 6 hatched ina incubator where the forts movng object they saw was was lorenz and half the egg ere hated with their mother
what were the findgins of lorenzs research on impriniting?
the group that weere hatched in a incubator had folowed lorenz comared to the control group followed the mother geese.
and even whent the groups were mixed up the control followed their mothr and the experimental group followoed lorenz
explain the findings of lorenz research?
KEYWORD?
this is calld imprinting in birds where birds are mobile from birth so the frost moving onject they see they follow and attached to
the criticical period in which they must develop this is few hours after birth of they dont they dont attach to their mother
what did lorenz find about sexual imprinting?
he inveiated how imroinitn may affect mating choices
he found that when a peacock egge was placed in the zoo with torsies they only displayed coruthsip towards the titories
had gone through sexual imprinting
What did harlow find a out contact comfort?
he had found that nomeky suually dies in a bare cage but when given soemthing to cuddle they often survived
what was harlows procedure?
He had 16 baby monkeys and spereated them in 2 cages
1- with a cloth covered mother still made of wire and served milk
2- a bare cage and served milk
what were the findings of harlows procedure?
He had found that those with the cloth covered mother had sought cofrot from it when hearing a loud noise and had preferance for it
even though both mothers dispersed milk
showed contact comfort was important on forming attachemnt
How can this research be applied to maternal deprivation in monkeys?
and what was their critical period
harlow had followed moenkys that had no real mother in adult hood to see if maternal deprivation had a permant effect
they found that the monkey with mother made from wire were often aggresive and had often mated less often during mating season because they lacked mating skills
they also killed their own baby monkeys /ngeletected them
90 days after this its was very hard fro attachemnt to be formed and early deprivation signs would start to show
what is one strenth and one limiation of Lorenz research?
RSEARCH SUPPORT from shapes of different size moing but birds followd the orginal shape
generlaibale issues becasue mamals form a attchemc through a two way process and istn just the young who get attached it is the mother too
what is one strengh and one limiation of harlows research?
RWA- in zoos and minimise the effects of maternal deprvation on monkeys
heloing social worker and pyhclogits and prevent this from happeing in the wild
generlaisbalty to humans- hpwveer human brai more complxe than monkeys and cocnlusion cannot be equally applied to humans
What is the assumption of the learning theory in explaining attachment and what is it often described a s?
decribed as cuboard love becasue the baby get attaced to the one that feed them and provides them with pleasure of food
How can classical condtioing explain attachment formation through food?
use key term such as NS,UCS,UCR,CR,CS
classical condtioing is when we associate two stimlui togther so one prodices the response of the other
food- UCS
pleasure-UCR to the food because we dont learn that.
NS- caregiver as it doesnt produce a response at first but when caregiver gives food to the baby it becomes assocaited withth food so the NS takes the place of the UCR- pleasure of food
so wheneevr baby sees this perosn they assocatiet them with food and the feeling of pleasure
so the NS becomes the CS
and the CR becomes pleasure toward the CS the caregiver allwoing the attachment to form.
How can operant condtioning explain attachment theory?
and how can it b applied to babies ONLY?
operant condtioing invloves learing through conseuqunces so when positvey or egtaively reinforced it reinforces the behaviour and when an unpleasnt consequece occurs its is a punishment reduced the liklehood of the beaviour being repeated.
so when baby cries-the baby is reinforced to cry when it recives the correct response from the caregiver - which then the baby directs the crying for comfort towards the caregiver
How is the caregiver reinforced by operent condtoing?
NEGATIVELY reinforced becasue when it hear the cries of the baby it produces unpleasnt feelings and when the caregiver responds to it the crying stops
so avoding the unpleasant feeling make it negativelt reinforced therefore strengthing the attachment.
why does the learning theory describe attachemtn as a secondary drive ?
and primary drive?
our primary drive is hunger becasue its an innate biological drive that motivates us to eat
and when we associate the hunger/food with the caregiver they become our secondary drive to attach to
so attachment fromed through assocation between caregiver and satisfaction of our primary drive/hunger
DRIVE REDUCTION
What is one limiation of the learning thoery of explaining attachments?
P- one limiattion of the LT is that there is counter eveidice from animal stduies
E- which comes from harlows gees epxreminet where the geese imprinted on the frst moving object they saw even if it didnt give out food
and harlows monkeys preffered the cloth covered mother becaus of conatct comfort rather than their food- milk depsite both giving milk
E- This hsows that other factor than food are important in forming attachments
L
What is another limiation of the learning theory in exlaining attachemnt formation?
P- one - is that there is ocynter eveidince from human babies
E- evidiece comes from schaffer and emmersons tsudy that had found babies attach to their mother regardless of whether or not they always provided the food or not
Isabellas stdy also fond that in most 30 babies she studies high level of interactionla synchrony predicted levels of quality of the attachment raher thn food
E- shwoing these factors arent related to feeding
L- suggesting agian food is not a main factor in forming attachemnts
What is one strenght of the LT explaining attachments?
P: One + of the LT theory is that some elemtnts of condtuoing maybe involved rather than just food
E; we have seen that fod isnt the main fatcor in the fromation of attachemtn howevver the warmth cuddles and comfort a baby assocatiets with a particuar adult may affect its choice to attach to as their main figure
E: This means that the LT can atleast help undrtand how speficic attacments can develop
What did bowlby say about attachment fromation and why it occurs?
He rejected the learning thoery as an explanation for attachemtn and stated actually forming an attachment is innate so explained it through evoltuionary origin as it gives the baby survival advantage
What is monotrpoy and how did Bowlby use this to explain attachemnt?
states that the baby becomes attached to one person
and that this attachnent is different +more important from all other attachments the baby might form
and stated that the more time spent wot this attachment figure the better the relationship and attachment
what are the two laws/prinicples he related to monotropic theory?
Law of contionuty- the more contstant and predictable the care the better the quality of attachment
Law of acculated separation- stating that everytime the baby is sepreated from this attachment figure the effects add up- so they shoudlnt rlly seperate
What did bowby say about social releasers and what are they ?
what is their purpose in forming attachemnt?
Bowblys define social releasers as the cute behaviour that babies show such as cooing gripping and smiling and that these are INNATE- it encorages attention from adults so it activated the intercation between adult and baby
it also help the relationship to form gradually between the caregiver and baby
he said it was a reciprical process in that the baby and mother are hardwired to become attached.
What did bowbly say about the critical period?
like harlow and lorenz propsoed a critical period in which an attachemnt should form-
bowlby states that this is the same fro human but known as a sensitive period because its between 6 months and 2 years that the baby should form an attachment, otherwise it will be much harder to later on
What is the internal wokring model and wh spoke about it?
Bowlby- stated that the internal working model is like a mental represnation of their relationship with their primiary caregiver
it is most importamt in relatioships because it acts as a base for what other reltionships should be like and what expectattions.
Also very important for parenting as the child often bases parenting of what they’ve experinced or learnt
if a loving child alot of care from a caregiver who is reliable they will then also expect in another relationship and to other sthat this is how they should be and be treated
but poor treatmtne in childhood may resut in low or poor expectation in relationships becasue thats what they will expect
What is one limiattion of bowlbys theory ?
P- one limitation of bowblys monotropic theory is that it it ay lack validty
E- this is becasue evidice from shcaffer and emmerson found that alothough most babies attach to one person, they also attach to many other people at the same time.
E- and although the first attachment may have a strong infleunce on behaviour and later relationships it may mean its stronger it doesnt mean that it is different from all other attachments, as the theory states.
L: therefore this is a limiation of the theory as it suggest that the one attachment maye not be diffretn from others and not a unique quality of this one attachment.
What is one strength of bowlbys theory?
P- one +is that there is support for social relasers.
E- evidince comes from brazelton obervsing adyalts with their babies and playing with them using social relasers. He told the adult to ignore these babies social relasers.
E- And babies who were normally shown to be responive beccame distressed and layed motionless
L- This therefore shows that social relasers play a role in forming an emotional bond and an important process in attachment
What is another strength of Bowblys theory?
P: Aother strength of bowblys theory is that there is support for the internal working model, which predicts that patterns of attachments pass onto generations and the next.
E- Evidince comes from a researcher who assessed 99 mother and their one yr old babies. The researcher mesured the oter own attachment to their own parent/primary attachment figures and their quality of their attachment with their babies.
E- Found that mother who had porrly attached to their own pirmiary caregiver were likley to have poorly attached babies.
L- This therefor supports bowbly thoery of the internal wokring model becasue the mother own reltionship can affacted their future childs relationship.
What is the strange situation?
is a controlled lab observation/experiment that was design to measure the seccurity of attachment a baby displaye towardsits caregiver
controlled- by a two way mirror
and very controlled procedure
what were the 5 key behaviour they assesed?
try to remeber these by thinking of the procedure and stages of the observation and what each of them tested…
proximity seeking- staying failry close to the caregiver is seen as good attachment
exploration and secure base behaviour- the more baby feel confident to explore the bettee the attchent because they know they can return to their caregiver as a safe base.for securtiy
sepeartion anxiety-a sign in becoming attaches is aloways being close to caregiver and not liking being seperated
response at reuinion- babies who are securly attached accpet the care and love from caregiver when reunited with pleasure
What are the seven stages in the procedure?
- baby ad caregiver left toeplore
- stranger comes in and approaches baby and ralks to caregiver
- caregiver leaves stranger and baby toegther
- caregiver returns and stranger leaves
5.caregiver leaves baby alone - stranger returns
- caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby
What are the three types of attachent?
secure, insecure avoidant and insecure resistant
Describe secure attachment type?
3 point?
what type?
they explore happliy but reguray go back to the caregiver showing proximity and secure base behaviour
show moderate seperattion and stanger axniety
happy repsonse at reunion withcaregiver
type B
Describe insecure aviodant attachment?
3 key points
what type?
baby explores freely but doesnt regulary go back to the caregiver -dont seek proximity or secure base behaviour
showlittle to noreaction when caregiver leaves - little stranger anxiety
make little eye contact when reposne at reunion with caregiver or may even avoid it
type A
describe the insecure resistant attachment?
what type?
3 key points
explore less and seek greater proximity that others
high levels of tranger anxiety and distress at seperation
resist comfort with caregiver at reunion
TYPEC
What is one strength o attaachmet type and THE STRANGE siruation?
P-one srength is that it had good predictive validty- as it can predict a number of aspects on baies development depending on their attachment type
E- evidince comes from a rseaecher who foud that those who are type B secruelt attaches often go onto have better outcomes than other in bth childhood and adult hood, such as less bullying in childood
E- other evidince alos suggest that those with type B have better mental health in adult hood AND those who didnt fall into any category neither A, B or C had worse outcomes.
L: therfor it can be meaninglul in undetranding the imprtance of baby development measures soehting reeal
what is another strength of the strange sitution?
P- Another strength of strange situation is that it has good reliablty because of inter rater reliablty.
E- evidince for ths comes from a rseaecher who that tested inter rate reliablty for a team of trained obervsers and found aggreemen on all attachment types 94% of cases.
E- This is because the procedure took place under highly contolled conditions that and behaviour suchas sepreattion or proxmity seking behaviour was easy to obervse as it involved large movements
such as crying or crawling away from stangers
L- This means that the strnage isttuon does not depend on subective judgemnts and has good reliablty
What is one limiation of the strange situatiin?
P- One limiation of the starnger siatuon is that it maybe culture bound
E- this is because ot was developed in te US and uk so behaviours were acroding to these cultures what they saw as seperattion anxiety.
E- One reason for this mayeb becasue babie have different experience in parenting and rearing practices and respond differently to strange sitatuion.
For example in japan, researcher Takashi displayed high levels of seperation anxiety and many were classified into inseure resistant. BUT THIS MAYE HAVE BEENG BECASUE THEY RARELY EXPERINEC BEING SEPEARTED FROM THEIR MOTHER
L; therefore limiation becasue it is difficult ot know what the stange sitution is measuring outisde of europe and US.
Who were the researcher who insbetgated cultrual variations in attachment? and what waa their aim?
IZJDEORN AND KROONENBERG
they conducted a study which looked at the three different attachment types between differetn counrtires and within the same countries to see the cultral varietion in attachemnt
decribe the procedure ijzedorn and kroonerger used?
conducted 32 studuies useing strange situation to inevstigat the different poropoertion of attachment types.
conducted in 8 countries -15 of them being in the US
fidnings were meta anlaysed meaning the finigds were combined and then anyalysed.
explain and decribe some of ijzdeorn and krronegers findings?
in brtitan an china?
secure attachment most common throughout all cultures
75% fro british and 50% for china
in INdiviulaist cultres rate of of insecure reisstant attachment were similar to ainsatworth research all being under 14%
How did findins differ in collecttivst cultrures?
china japan and isreal all rate were above 25% for insecure resistna and reduced fro insecure avoidant so they were more INSECURE RESIISTAT ATTACHMENT CLASSIFIED
What was the findings of differenecd withinnn cultures?
that findgins in variation within the same country were GREATER than those in between different cutures
such as in the US- 46% weere securely attached and compared to 90% in anoher sample.
What did korean study find about atachemtn types?
Jin et al found that 87 babies in korea most were secure and insecure as with most studies and howvere more of these were classifies as insedurely resistant attached and one avoidant
similair to the attachment style found in japan
so since japan and korea have similair rearing styles this similairity maybe expained by the similiar child rearing oractcices they may use within their culture.
What are the conclusions of all these studies and finginds?
That most baies are seurely attached in a wide range of cultres supporting the idea of bowlby that attachent is innate and is universal norm.
howver it can show that cultral practcoces can have an inlfunce in attachment type.
What is one strength of research into cultral variation in attachment?
P- one strenght of cuktral variation in atachment is that many of the studies were conducted by indigenous psycholgists
E- this is because researcher ijzdorn and kroonerberg included research by a german team- grossmann so had the same background as the particpiants
E- this means that any potential such as language barriers or diifuty in communicating instruction to them can be minmised in cross cultral research- and any bias can be removeed which can arise from ethnocentrism
L- therefore is had allowed the rseaerher and articipian to communicate successfully so enhances the VALIDITY of the data collected.
What is one limiation of cultral variation research?
P- one limiationof cross cultral research isthe issue of confounding variavbles.
E- this is becasue studies axroos different cultuters dont always use the same mehtodlogy or methods when comparing meta analyses, which maybe an issue becasue poverty and social class may act as a confounding variable.
E- an example of this maybe the size of the room given to the child to play and explore in or it ight have not as many toys compared to a bigger room- so proximity seeking behaviour is less visibale making it more liley the baby is seen to be inseurely attached.
L- so t may not tell us abot attahcment patterna cross different cultures.
What is another limiation of cultral research in attachment variation?
P-Another limiation of cross cultral research is that it may try to impose a ETIC apporach rather than a EMIC apporach
E- an etic approach is when we assume an idea or techniwue in ne culture will wil work inaother cultral context
E- an example of this is attachement rsearch is that when babies respone at union with caregiver in starnge situation i britain and US is that lack of affection may classify them as avoidant. However in germany this may be seen as a sign of indepandance rather than insecurity- so the strange sitatuin may not work in germany.
L- This means that difference in behaviour identifued by the strange situation and coparing them across cultures can be meaningless.
What does bowbly stheory of maternal deprovation state?
Bowblys idea of maternal depriavtion is that if a monotrpoic relationship with their mother is deprved of then this will lead to a lack of proper emotional development
Describe the difference between separation and deprivation?
sepeartion is when the bay is not in the prescnce of a primairy attchent figure
and becomes a problme if the bay is deprived of emotional care- so sepeartion occurs for longer periods of time which is what causes harm
What did bowbly say about the critical period?
from 6t to 2 years is the ctriicla period for child to emotionally develop/psychologically
so when baby cdepived of proper emotional care for an extended period of time then ppsychoglical damage is inevitable and can continue upto the age of 5.
What are the effects of maternal deprivation on intelaetcuall development?
link to a study?
One way is that it can effect childs development in theri intellectual development
so if deprived of care for too long then the ctrical period they are gonna experince delayed intelectual developmtn- low IQ
Goldfarb study found that those children in instiatiouons had a lower IQ compared to fostered children who had atleast a higher standard of emtional care
What are the effect sof maternal depirvation on emotional development?
maternal depirvation can create affectionless psychopaths who lack the ability to emptahise withs other and thus cannot feel any guilt or strong emotion towards others.
whcih thrn affect them later on in life because they cant fullfill relatioships and cannot appreciate the feelings of victims and so lack remorse for their actiosn ro what theyve done.
What is bowlys 44 theives research procedure? - 4 points.
44 cimrinal teenagers sample accuesed o f stealing -
they all had charcaterstcs of lacking affecttion and lack of empathy for their vicitms
their families were intervwied in order to establaish whether they had pronlonged sepearion form their mothers
comapred to control group pf 44 non criminal but emotionally distured people
What were the findings of bowblys research?
14/44 were described a affectioness psychopaths and 12 of these expericed maternl deprivation from the first two years of their life.
The rest of the 30 had eperinced seperations - concluding that deprivation caused affectionless psychopathy
