Memory yr 1 Flashcards
define the term coding/
the fromat in which info is stored in the memory stores.
define capacity>?
the amount of info that can be stored in memory store
define duration?
length of time the info can be held in memory
what is short term memory?
is a limited capcity memory store, and info is coded acoustically by sound, capacity between 5 and 9 items on average and duration is 18 seconds.
what is long term memory?
permanent memory store, coding is semnatically and has unlimited capacity store memories up for a lifetime
who and what rseaerch was done on coding?
BADDELEY- gave different list of words to 4 groups that were
acoustically similar (words sound similiar) , acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar (word with similiar meanings) and semantically dissimilar.
What did baddelely find about his fresearch?
PS shown orginal words and asked to recall them in order
those who asked to recall immediatly did worse on the acousitaicly similair words.
those who asked to recall after 20 minutes did worse on semantically simliar words.
so the things they did worse on was the ones that how info is coded by our STm and LTM.
What is one strength of baddeleys research on STM coding?
one + of Baddeley’s work is he had identified two seperate memory stores. as the idea that STM and LTM bith code differently via STM acoustically and Ltm semantically. which is the important step in our understanding of multi store model of memory.
What is one limitation of Baddeley’s work into coding for memory stores?
One - of baddeleys work is that artificial stimuli was used rather than meaningfull material. this because he used word lists that had no personal meaning to the PS. so baddeleys findings may not tell us much about the coding un different memory tasks.
when processing more meaningful information, some people may use semantic coding for STM tasks.
so they may have limited application.
How and who researched capacity ?
JACOB- measured digit span - so he had given word list to the PS and read aloud in order, if all correct then they add on five more digits until cannot recall correctly
mean was 9.3 items and 7.3 fro letters.
How did MILLER invetigate chucking and span of memory?
miller found that tings come in oddly sevens such as sevenly deadly sins seven days of week. so Capacity of STM was 7 or +-2
and recall five word easily than five letter though chunking and grouping.
what is one strength Jacobs /research into capacity fro STM?
One strength of jacobds researech is that it has been replicated. This research was very old and new psych experiments were able to control the confounding variable ( the PS getting distracted during testing may have lead to their digit spans being underestimated).
but findings have been confirmed by other resreachers when the CV were controlled.
suggesting it is a valid study.
What is one - of researchj into capacity study?
one - of miller study is that he may have overestimated STM capacity. other research had found that caspacity of STm is only about 4 and plu or minus 1 chunks.
suggesting capacity for STM is actually lower.
Who inevtiagted duraction of STm and how was it cariried out?
petersion and peterson
tested stuidents in 8 trials
each trial they were given consanant sylables such as YCG to remember and a 3 digit number
they were tild to repeat the number from backwards to astop mental reahrsalof consanant sylables.
on each trial told to stop after 3 6 9 12 15 and 18 seconds
after 3 secodns recall was 85% and 18 seconds was 3% so
STM duartion is 18 seconds unless we keep repeatng it
How was duartio of LTM researched into?and by who?
BAHRICK- collected shcool year book from american students aged between 17 and 74.
they were tested via free recall test wherre they named any names of the graduating class and photo recogntion name tes from photos.
what werre finsings of BAHRICKS LTM DUARTION study?
Ps within 15 yrs of graduating had 90% accuracy
after 48 yrs it went to 70%
and fro name recall it was 60% fro those in 15 yrs and 30% fro those after 48 yrs of graduiatiing
What is one limiattion peterson and petersons study?
One - is that meaningless stimlui was used in the study.
however the stuidy may not be completely irrevlant becasue sometimes we do try to remember random things
such as phone numbers but still consonant syllables doesnt reflect everyday memory activities.
means that study lacks EXTERNAL VALIDITY.
What is one + of bahricks LTM study?
one + is that it has external validity.
This ibescause the researchers investigated meaningful memories such as people faces and names
when this study was replicated but without meaningful stimuli - so random pictures, recall rates were lower.
so bahricks findings reflect a real estimate of the duration of LTM.
What does the multis tore model of memory consists of ? its basic units list inly names and direction
stimulus from environment sensory register stm and ltm
Describe the coding feature of the sensory register?
all stimuli from environment enter the sensory register and compromised of 5 senses
coding is modality specific meaning it depend on the sense. so th store coding fro visual info is iconic and store coding for sound is echoic acoustically.
describe duration of sensory register?
is very brief lasts than less than half a second
Describe the capacity for sensory register ?
high capacity over 100 millio cells in eye each storing data.
and info only passes onto the system if you pay attention to it
What is one strength of the multi store model of meory?
P one + of MS is reaesrch support to shows that LTM ans STM are different.
E: support comes from studies of capacity and duration such as BAHRICKS study of duration STM and LTM.
E: for example baddeleys has found that we tend to mix our up word sthat sound similiar due to our short term memory and mix up words that mean similiar when using our LTM.
L: studies show celarly that short term memoery and long term mmeorry are spereate stores by the MSM.
What is one limiation of the MSM?
P- is that there maybe more than one STm store.
E- evidence comes from researchers who studie a client know as KF who had amnesia which was a memory disorder and found that digits were read out load to him he had poor recall, but was better when he read them himself.
E- suggesting that MSm is wrong in claming that there is just one STm store fro processing different type of info.
L- so visual and auditry.
What is another limitattion of MSM?
One limitation is that problonged rehearsal may nt be needed fro transfer to LTM.
This is because according to the MSM the more you rehearse somehting the more you likely to transfer it to your LTM.
howveer a researcher argued that the TYPE of rehearsal is more important than the amount.
/called elabortave reherasl needed for long term storage.
which is where u link the info t oyur existising knowledge or think abotu what it means- so it can be trabfered into LTM without prolonged rehearsal..
suggesting that the MSM does nt ful explain how long term stirage can be achived.
Who investigated long term memeory and how many types are there and what are they??
tulving , 3 types.
epsodic semantic and procedural
Describe episodic memory?
is our ability to recall events in our lives so their like remembering episodes of our lives/personal experiences and are usually complex.
for example your 16bth birthday party or when u hada fun moment in class.
What three things can describe the episodic memory?
time stamped- so you remeber when they happend aswell as what, so the different events happend at what time.
episodic memories contain several elemnts such as objects and people who were there.
thirdly, you have to make a consiour efort to recall these memories.
Describe semantic memory?
an type of LTM that cotains knowdlege pf the world or facts such as the meaning of word of the capital of each country.
What three things can describe the sematic memoery store?
is that it contains knwodlege of a vast amount of concepts and related to them.
not time stamped and less personal as they maybe facts we al share.
constantly being added to and collected of new material and is often less distorted or less likley to forget comapred to episodic memories.
takes a concsious effot to recall them.
Describe procedural memory/define?
a type of LTM that is fro our memory of skills or actions( how to do things/procedures)
What are 2 things that describe the LTM/ procedural memory?
meory fro how to do things rather then events such as dricing rding a bike or swimming .
ability becomes automatic and doesnt usually take our consious to carry it out due to practice of it.
and best shown when actually doing it rather than describing it.
What is one strength of long term meo=ory types?
P one strenght is that there is clinical evdicine from HM and clieve wearing case studies.
E Evidinece comes from bith men having a severly impacted episodic memory due to brain damage, but semantic mmeories were still unaffected. becasue they still undertsood the meaning of words.
E: fro example Hm knew what a dog was but couslnt recall that has had just stoked the dog already half and hour later. and procedural mmeories were still intact becuase wearing knew how to play the piano.
L: therfroe this suggests that there different memory stires in LTM and on can be damaged but not the other.
what is one counteroitn against clinical evdiince for long term memory types?
case studies arent perfect in that they lack control of varaibles. such as the researche had no eay of controlling what happend to PS before or after the injury and diffuct to know the individuals memory befroe the damage and hard to judge how much it got worse afterwards.
so lack of control limits whhat clinical studies may show about LTM types.
What is onelimitatio of LTM types?
P one - is that there is conflicting neuromingaing evidience taht link type of LTM to the brain.
E- evidince comes ffrom rsearcher who saw location of epsodic memorues and semantic memory stires suchas the semantic of left side of prefrontal cortex and episodic on the right.
E- however other rsearch links left prfrontal cortex to encoding of episodic memories and the left fro retirving episodic memories.
suggesing that there is por arrangemnet of rach type of LTM maybe located.
L
What is another stregtnh of LTM types?
Real world application
This is because it can help psychlogits idefy problems with memory that are age related. because as people age they have memory loss which manily epsiodic memories, such as harder to recall perosnal events or experineces that maybe recent.
a researcher devised an intervention to improve episodic memories in older people and found that the trained group scored better on a test of EPS memory comoared to control group.
which shows that distinghsuing between different types of TM can help specfic treatemtn to be developed to help older people.
Defin the working memory model ?
a represenation of short term memory and suggest that STM is organised and how it funtions.
What are the 4 aspects of the wprking memory model?
central excutive , phonlogical loop, visu spatial sketchpad and episodic buffer.
What is the role of the central excutive and how does it code and what is its capacity?
has supervisory role and moniters incoming data, divides and focuses our attention
and loactes tasks to subsytems.
limitided capacity and cannot store information
What is the phonlogical loop responsible for and how can it be divided up?
deals with auditory info so coding is
acoustic
and can be dividede into phonological stores which stores the words we hear
articulatory process which allows maintenance rehearsal so that so that sounds are repeated in a loop and has capacity of 2 seconds of what you say
What is the visuo spatial skethcpad responsible fro and how does it code/capacity?
has limited capacity upto 3 or 4 objects
and it stores the visual and spatial information
what can the visuo spatial sketchpad be divided into?
visual cache storing visual data such as what a chair look like
inner scribe- recording the arrangement of objects in the visual field.
such where that chair maybe in a room
What does the episodic buffer responsible for? 2/3 key points
is a temporary store of info
that combines visual spatial and verbal info processing by other stores and mainatins a senese of time sequencing such as when these events happend
it can be seen as the storage component fro CE
what is the capacity for episodic buffer and its coding?
limited capacity of 4 chunks
and episodic buffer links working memory to LTM. and wider cognitive processes.
what is one + of the working memory model?
P- one + of the WMM is that it has clinical evidence to show the separate stores.
E- evidence comes from the KF patient that could recall letter and digits immediately was better than when he read them (visual) compared to when he heard them (acoustic)
E- which meant that he could process visual infro normally compared to poorly processing auditory info
L showing that his phonological loop was damaged by VSS was intact.
What is another strength of the WMM?
P- another strength of the WMM is that dual task perfromnace studies by baddeley showed the sepreate existance of the VSS.
E- evidience comes from baddeleys PS carrying out a verbal task and visual task at the same time (dual task) and performance was the same to when they carried out these taskes seperatly. But when asked to complete a task that were both visual, then peroformance went down.
E This is because the bith visual tasks were competing fro the same sub system- VSS but wasnt any comptetion when carrying them out togther.
L- therefore this is a + as it shows the VSS that process visual input and one for verbal processing PL.
What is one - of the centeral excutive?
P- one - of the WMM is that the nature of the CE actaully unclear.
E this is because baddeleys had said that the CE is the most important but least undertood. so its need to be more specific than just simply paying attention.
E - some psycholgists believe that the CE may consist of seperate sub components
L- therefore this is a limitation becasue the CE isnt a cpomlted component of the WMM which questions the integrity of the store.
What is one strength of interferance as an explanion for forgettibng?
P- one + is that there is evidence that interference can take place in real world situations
E- Evidence comes from researcher who asked rugby players to reccval the names of team member of the opposing team. the player all played for the same time but number of intervening games differed because some players were missing due to injury.
E- they had found that those who played the most games has the poorest recall due to more interefnace fro memory)
L- therefore this show sthat interferance cann opertae in soem real world context enhancing the validity of the theory.
What is one -/ counter point for the real world interefeance point of the interferance theory?
however one limitation is that ist is uaully unusual
because the conditions nesccary for interference to occru is rare unlike labd studies that have a high degree of control over vraibales so ,make it more likley that interfance can happen.
so it may occasionally happen but not all the time.
suggesting that fiorgetting in LTM can be better explained by other thoery such as retrival fail;ure.
define interferance as an explanation for forgetting?
when two pieices of info dirupt or block the memory of another cauing it to become distorted or forgotten
What does the interfercace thoery propese as a explantion fro forgetting in the LTM?
that because memois in LTM are mostly permanent we cant get access to them even though they are still avalible.
What is proactive interference?
is hwne a older memeory interferes with a newer one- so the newer memory is that one that is getting affected.
What is retroactive interfencae?
when the newer memory interferes or blocks older memories- so that older memories are getting affected.
Describe the procedure of the research for interefeance?
researchers looked atretroactive interefacne- by creating 6 DIFFERENT GROUPS
1- synonmys
2-anotnyms
3- words unrelated to orginal ones
4- consonant syllables
5- three digit numbers
6- rest condition no new list (control group)
what were the findings and conlcusion of this research?
when PS recalled orginla lst of words the most simsiliar words - synonmys produced the worst recall
shwoing interference strongest when memories were similar.
this could be due to two resaosn either PI - link to research or RI
what is another strength of interfenace as an expla tion for forgetting?
P- another strength comes from researc support from drug studies- retrograde facilitation
E- evidence comes from researcher who gave a list of words fro PS to learn while on drug diazepam compared to placebo group. But when learned before taking the drug recall was improved
E- which lead to the explantion that the drug prevented new informatio n from reaching parts of the brain that involved memory [processing- so cannot retroactively interefer with the memories.
L- showing that forgetting can be due to interferance.
What is one limitation of interefearnce as ana explantion of forgetting?
P- one - is that interferance is temporary and can be overcome by using cues.
E- this is evidinet when researches gave PS a list of words organised into categories but PS didnbt know these categories. recall was 70% for frist list but came even more worse when they learned more words in different lists (which is procative interfeance)
E- but when given the categories of the lists recall was 70% again
L- hwich shows that interference is temporary and taht the loss of accessibly to the LTM is still able to through cues- which isnt predicted by the interferance theory.
