attachment paper 1 Flashcards
what is an attachment
strong emotional bond between two people usually between an infant and a caregiver which is reciprocal 2 way relationship .
name 4 stage of attachment (schaffer )
indiscriminate attachment
beginning of attachment
discriminitate
multiple attachment
write down APRC of harlows and lorenz study1
Lorenz:
Procedures:1 group of gooslings raised in the incubator
1 group raised with the mother
Findings
The incubator group followed Lorenz wherever he went
Even after mixing them up
Conclusion:
The incubator group imprinted on him - first person they saw
Critical period : which imprinting must take place
Harlow monkey rhesus :
Procedure Harlow removed 16 baby rhesus and reared them with a surrogate mothers
1 mother was cover in wire
1 mother was cover in wire and cloth and heated
2 conditions
Wired mother dispersed milk
Cloth mother dispersed milk
Findings : the monkey rhesus spent most of its time with the cloth mother up to 20 hrs a day
The baby monkey seek comfort from the cloth mother
Monkeys deprived from the mother grew up to be less social, neglected and killed their own baby
Conclusion: baby monkeys have innate drive to seek contact comfort from their parents.
Attachment is formed through an emotional need for security rather than food
what are strenght and limitations of harlow studies
Limitations ethical issues such as psychological harm : monkey rhesus sufferer great psychological harm when due to separation from biological mother and the monkey were exposed great physical harm
Proceed with caution and should consider protection from harm
Issues of extrapolation
Humans have high order of thinking
Complex brain
Strengths :real world application
E :for example Howe states knowledge gained Harlow study has helped social workers in understanding lack of bonding may be risk factor in development of
Additionally pratical applications in captive wild zoos for breeding programme to ensure they have adequate attachment figure
what strength and limitations of lorenz study
what is reciprocity
when each person responds to another and elicits a response
e.g caregiver might respond to baby smiling and the baby might respond by giggling.
what is interactional synchrony
a mirrored response between a child and mother . mother smiles and baby smiles back
discuss the role of the father (AO1 and A03)
Outline the learning theory of attachment CC AND OC
Evaluate the learning theory of attachment with research evidence
outline Bowlby’s monotrophic theory of attachment
outline the strange situation (Ainsworth)
evaluate the strange situation
describe charachtertics of each attachment type
outline explaniations for individuals differences in attachemnt type ?
what is a motherese
the way in which caregiver speaks to an infants , high pitch sing singy songy , repetitive languange
outline research into interactional synchrony ?
the study was conducted by meltoz and moore
Aim :to observe the beginning of interactional synchrony in infants less than 1 yr old
procedure : Used infants as young as two weeks old and observed them via a camera frame by frame
The infants observed a parent do 2 or 3 of four actions
Opening mouth, poking tongue out, frowning and waving a finger
Independent observers were asked to view the footage and state what they saw the infant actually do
This was a ‘Double Blind’ as the observer did not know what the aim of the experiment was
FINDINGS :
A positive correlation was found between the infant’s actions and those of the PCG:
conclusions :
support notion that infant and caregiver interactions are innate are used as a way of communicating to help develop attachment
who is the second researcher of interactional synchrony ?
isabella et la
Assesses the degree of interactional sychnchrony in 30 infants with their caregiver and the quality of attachment .
findings :
Found that the better synchrony was shown by those infants who had high levels of attachment to their PCG
CONCULSIONS :interactional synchrony is linked to strong securely attached relationships .
evaluate research into interactional sychncrony ?
strengts
filmed in a lab
observations can be recorded and analysed
increased inter rater reliability -more than one observer can record data
limitations :difficulties observing babies :
lack of coordination
immobile
observations are mainly of hands mov and changes in expressions
difficulty to interpret the meaning of baby’s behaviour and meaning of mov
baby can’t articulate , therefore we can’t be sure
.observing babies does not tell us it’s development importance -feldman synchrony and reciprocity are just names give to patterns of behaviour the y exist but not useful in understaing dev of
counterpoint …isabella et al found a positive correlation between a quality of attachment and amount of intercational synchrony occured .
outline schaffer and emerson APRC
AIM : To investigate the development of early attachment including the age at which infant forms attachment
procedure ; longitudinal study on 60 Glaswegian over the first 18 months
. visited the children monthly in their homes and observed thier interactions with their mother
. mother were intervies about the infants beh in relation to separation and anxiety .
findings : the first attachement usually formed between 6 -8months
.the mother was the main attachment figure for 65% at 18months
3 % of the infants primary attchment with their father .
conclusions ; attachments were most likely to form with those who responded accuarately to baby’s signals not the person who spent most time with them -‘ sensitive responsiveness ‘
what are four stages of attachment
stage 1 - indiscriminate attachment
from birth to 2 months
infants produce similar response to ianimate objetcs or animate
toward the end intercational synchrony and reciprocity play role in establishing the infant’s relationhsips with others
stage 2 - begging of attachement -
4 months
- infants become more social
-prefere human company
- distinguish between familair and unfamiliar people -comfortbale
- doesn’t show strange anxiety
-enjoy being with other people
stage 3 discriminate attachement
7 months
- show separtion anxiety
- experience special joy at reunion
- forms a specific attachment with primary cargiver
-stranger anxiety may be displayed
attachment are formed based on the quality of relatioship
stage 4 - multiple attachment
1yr+
infants develop a secondary attachment
separation anxiety occurs
evaluate the resarch into development of attachment
strengths :
the study is NATURALISTIC
less risk of demand char..
high internal validity
high ecological validity
LONGITUDINAL STUDY
In depth qualitive detailed data
how..risk of attrition
real world applications
WEAKNESSES
LACK OF POP VALIDITY
only represents individualistic culture
therefore can’t gener..
lack of TEMPORAL VALIDITYY
STUDY WAS CONDUCTED IN 1960..
outdated ( post hock )
can’t generalise to modern day in understanding the develpmnet of attachment
what is a limitation of schaffer and emerson stages of attachemnt ?
one limitaion of schaffer and emerson stage is that the stage is the validity of the measures of used to asses attchment in the indiscriminate attachment
E: Young babies lack coordination and fairly are immobile , for example if baby displayed anxiety in everyday situation , it will be hard to observe
E : Therefore this may have made it difficult for mothers to observe and report back to researchers on signs of anxiety in this age group
L . This means the findings can be unreliable
give one strength of schaffer and emerson in development of attachment
P: one strenght of schaffer and emerson’s stages is that they have a pratical appalictaions in day care
E: for example in day care indiscrimante attachemnt and beggining of attachment stages are starightforward as babies can be comforted by skilled and trianed adult
E : however , s and e research can be problematic as starting day care with an unfamiliar adult may be problemtic during specific attahcment stage babies may show increased level of stranger anxiety ,
L : this means that parents can use s and e stages of developemnt to plan and the use of daycare and figure out when to take babeis to daycre
has had a pos impacts on socity in understanding the development of attachment .
L:
what’s the role of the father according grossman et la
he studied a longitudinal study
the role of father is different from the mother’s
- role of the father is important for play and cognitive stimulation . rather than nurturing and emotional development
what is the role of father according to feild et la
filmed 4 month old infants face to face interactions with their primary caregiver , mother ,sec careg,father and pcg father
Primary cargiver father more time smiling and imiating and holding babies than secondary caregiver father .
-Fathers do have the potential to be more emotional focused primary caregiver attchment figure and can provide the level of responsiveness required .
what is the role of the father according to belsky et la
males who reported higher level of martial intimacy displayed a secure father infant attachment
- males can form attachment with their children . depending on the strength of father and mother relationship .
what is the role of the father according to Geiger
-father play a role of playmate
- lack of sensitivity may be beneficial for children
provides - problem solving , prepares them for social situations , cognitive demands on the children
what are the effect of biological and social factor in the role of the father ?
biological : oestrogen in women underlies caring bahivour , absent in men
social : streotypes : may be seen too feminine to be caring prevents father from attaching .
evaluate the role of the father
