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Attachment P1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What do caregivers infant interactions do?

A

. Help build and strengthen the attachment between parents and children, more sensitive to signals, stronger the attachments become

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2
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

. Involve both parties producing a response from each other turns are taken like in a conversation

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3
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

. Takes place when caregiver an infant interact in a way that their actions and emotions mirror each other


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4
Q

Who studied interactional synchrony?

A

. Isabella (1989) observed 30 mothers in infants and found increased levels interactional synchrony were associated with better quality attachments

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5
Q

What is supporting evidence of caregiver infant interactions?

A

. Evans and Porter (2009) studied reciprocity, synchrony and attachment quality in 101 infants and Mum is in first year. Babys judged to be securely attached tended to have more reciprocal interactions and synchrony
. Meltzoff and more (1977) found babies between 2 to 3 weeks mimicked adults facial expressions in hand movements-suggests innate

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6
Q

What are the weaknesses of caregiver infant interactions?

A

. Caregiver interaction is not found in all cultures E.g. le vine et al (1994) reported kenyan mothers have a little interaction or contact with influence but high security documents or research movie ethnocentric

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7
Q

What was schaffers and Emersons procedure?

A

. 60 babies from working-class Glasgow studied
. Babies visited every month for first year and again 18 months
. Mothers ask about baby separations in stranger anxiety

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8
Q

What was Schaffer and Emerson‘s findings?

A

. Between 25 to 32 weeks of age 50% short separation anxiety towards Mum
. By 40 weeks is 80% of specific attachment and 30% displayed multiple attachments

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9
Q

What are the stages of attachment?

A

. A social: birth-three months, infants attracted to faces more after six weeks
. Indiscriminate: at 3-7 months, infants recognise faces but except comfort from any adult and treat them all the same
. Specific: 7-8 months, infants develop anxiety around strangers and distressed if away from a particular adult – primary attachment figure
. Multiple: 9+ months, for more attachments – secondary attachments

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10
Q

What are the weaknesses of multiple attachments?

A

. Many researchers believe primary attachment must be made before multiple but different cultures find babies developing multiple from Birth-collectivist cultures
. Very difficult to measure babies you don’t judo in a social as they’re not mobile on their behaviour is difficult to interpret, behaviour due to something else and potentially

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11
Q

What are the strengths of shcafferand emmersons study of multiple attachments?

A

. Study carried out in own home so most observations done by parents so babies behaviour not affected by observers so increased internal validity

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12
Q

What is a fathers traditional role?

A

. Traditionally fathers believed to play more minor real roles in parenting

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13
Q

What did Karen Grossman do?

A

. 2002
. Carried out longitudinal study informed quality of attachments to fathers and related to play suggesting a different role

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14
Q

Explain fathers is primary carers?

A

. When father takes on the role of main carer, adopt behaviour typical of mothers
. Field (1978) filmed four-month babies interactions with their fathers and found differences in interactions when father was primary care rather than secondary spent more time smiling, imitating and holding babies
. Key attachment based on level of response not gender

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15
Q

What are the weaknesses of role of the father?

A

. Studies find fatherless kids don’t turn out different suggesting fathers aren’t significant
. Evolutionary psychologists argue females more predisposed to nurture due to presence of oestrogen that leads to caring behaviours

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16
Q

What are the strengths of the role of a father?

A

. Father is important for mothers to, courage and stress in mothers, improve self-esteem and overall relationship with child

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17
Q

What was Lorenz‘s aim.?

A

. To investigate imprinting on attachment formation

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18
Q

What was Lorenz’s procedure?

A

. Randomly split batch of grey goose eggs into two groups
. One group were hatched in an incubator and one by their mother
. First move an object they saw was Lorenzo in the incubator group
. Behaviour of these carefully observed
. Also observed effective imprinting on adult mating preferences

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19
Q

What were Lorenz‘s findings?

A

. Experimental group in printed on the leorenz
. Control group hatched in imprinted on mother
. Two group mixed, control group continued with mother, experimental group went back to Laurens
. Imprinting only occurred in a critical period
. Geese who imprinted on humans later showed courtship behaviour towards humans

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20
Q

What are the evaluations of Lorenz?

A

. Weakness: critical period questions, stuckin (1966) recreated with ducklings and got them to imprint on him but isolated won’t be on critical period but still imprinted on the duck after time
. Weakness: imprinting is reversible, Guiton (1966) found chicken to imprinted on a yellow glove would try to mate with them as adults but with experience learnt instead to meet with other chickens

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21
Q

What was the aim of Harlow study?

A

. Well the contact comfort was more important in attachment than food

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22
Q

What procedure was used in hollow study?

A

. Read 16 baby monkeys with two surrogate mothers, one of wire and one with milk was the other was cloth and didn’t give milk
. Amount of time spent with each mother was recorded
. Monkeys deliberately frightened with loud noises the first preference
under stress
. Long-term effects recorded

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23
Q

What were the findings of harlows study?

A

. Spend more time with cloth mother as provide a contact comfort
. As adults monkeys would be abusive to offspring and were less sociable
. When frightened would go to cloth mother

24
Q

What was the conclusion of hallows experiment?

A

. Contact comfort is more important than monkeys than food in attachment

25
Q

What is the evaluations of Harlow?

A

. Strengths: allowed greater understanding on infant attachment are showed it doesn’t develop as a result of food and showed importance of early relationships for later social development
. Strengths: had important practical applications E.G.allow social workers to understand risks of child abuse and neglect to intervene and prevent
. Weakness: monkeys suffered greatly due to these procedures and monkeys are a very intelligent species swords of them are great even other animals, however the research is so important that it may have been worth it for the results

26
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

. Infant learns to associate primary caregiver with food

27
Q

What is learning theory?

A

. Before: unconditioned stimulus (food) = unconditioned response (happy)
. During: neutral stimulus (Mum) plus unconditioned stimulus (food) = unconditioned response (happy)
. After: condition stimulus (Mum) = condition response (happy)

28
Q

Explain operant conditioning?

A

. Reinforcement produces attachment e.g. if caregiver gives positive response to crying, crying is positively reinforced, at the same time caregiver receives negative reinforcement as crying stops
.both increase liklihood of behaviour being repeated

29
Q

Explain attachment as a secondary drive?

A

. Hunger is a primary drive, it’s a note, we are motivated to eat to reduce hunger drive. As caregivers give food, primary driver hunger becomes generalised an attachment is a secondary drive learn through Association

30
Q

What are the evaluations of learning theory?

A

. Strengths: provides insight into infant attachment and role of the food in this so can help people make attachment with infants
. Weakness: infants often form attachment with those who don’t feed them so food can’t be key to attachment
. Weakness: criticised by Harlows research
. Weakness: criticised by Bowlby’s research

31
Q

What is Bowlbys mono Tropic theory

A

. States that attachment is an evolutionary explanation and is an innate thing that increases our chances of survival

32
Q

What is the mono Tropic bond

A

. An attachment for one specific caregiver usually the mother and his more important than any other attachments

33
Q

What is the internal working model

A

. States the mono Tropic bond act as a template for all the relationships and has a powerful effect on future relationships and most importantly affect a child’s later ability to be a parent them selves

34
Q

What is Bowlbys critical period

A

. The first two years of life of a critical period for attachment, if attachment doesn’t development it will seriously damage child social and emotional development

35
Q

What are the evolutionary principles of the monoTropic theory

A

. Argues humans develop biological need to attach
. Done to increase survival chances
. Infant show in out behaviours called social releases that bring out care from adults

36
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Bowlbys mono Tropic theory

A

. S internal working model supported by Bailey at all (2007) which assessed attachment of 99 mothers to babies and their own mothers, found majority had same attachment type to both
. W critical period not supported by evidence, psychologist suggest sensitive period wear attachment more likely but could be found at other times and children can form attachments after critical period
. Counterargument – Lauren supports idea of critical period were imprinting hard to happen in first hours or not at all
. W multiple attachments form rather than one monotropic bond however could be argued that monotropic bond is the stronger bond

37
Q

What is the strange situation

A

. Develop by Mary Ainsworth to study attachment behaviours
. Took place in unfamiliar room with a view was observed covertly
. Infants age between 12 and 18 months made up of 100 Americans
. Judged on seven different episodes involving different variables including proximity seeking, exploration, separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, reunion response
. 25% insecure avoidant, 65% secure, 10% insecure resistant

38
Q

Describe the behaviour types studied in a strange situation

A

. Insecure avoidant-exploration, child does not seek contact from mother, separation anxiety: child is unconcerned without mother, stranger anxiety: child is not distressed or wary of stranger, reunion behaviour: a child ignores mother on return
.Secure-exploration: mother seenas secure base, separation anxiety: trial cries after mother leaves, stranger anxiety child is wary of stranger, reunion behaviour: child seats contact for mother and is easy to comfort
. Insecure resistant-exploration: child is wary of mother doesn’t explore, separation anxiety: child intensely distressed without mother, stranger anxiety: child very distressed of stranger, reunion behaviour: child is ambivalent towards mother

39
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Ainsworth strange situation

A

. S reliable-takes place in lab condition so it’s easy to control
. S uses behavioural categories so easy to observe, Bich (2012) looked at in a route of reliability and found agreement on attachment type in 94% of babies
. W lacks ecological validity done in an unfamiliar environment which limits are applicability
. W culturally biased study only on American babies so doesn’t account for all the rearing practices in other cultures

40
Q

What did van ljzendoorn study

A

. Conducted matter analysis of 32 studies using strange situation across different cultures
. Studies from eight countries with total sample of 1990 infants
. Found wide variation between attachment types in different cultures
. Secure attachment always the most common however highest in Britain with 75% to 50% in China
. Insecure resistant was overall least common 3% in Britain to around 30% in Israel
. Insecure avoidant was most common in Germany and we is common in Japan
. Also massive variation between results within the same country with up to 150% greater than those between countries

41
Q

What did simonella do

A

. Conducted studying it later see where the proportion of baby is a different attachment type so much is always before
. Assess 76 12 months old using strange situation
. Find 50% secure 36% insecure avoidant which is lower rate of secure than in many studies
. Suggested because increasing number of mothers are very young children work long hours and his professional childcare

42
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of cultural variations in attachment

A

. S large sample 1990 used in sample so reduces impact of poor methodology and makes more generalisable
. S indigenous researchers so many problems in cross-cultural research avoided such as misunderstanding so they are more valid
. W limited number of studies in some countries E.G.only one in China where is 18 in USA so maybe unable to fully generalise
. W imposes test design for one culture on another which is an example of imposed etic

43
Q

What is Bowlby‘s theory of maternal deprivation

A

. Caused by prolonged separation from attachment figure during the critical period which results in long-term negative consequences include effects on intellectual development and effects on emotional development
. Manifests as cognitive delays low IQ and affection less psychopathy

44
Q

What was Bowlbys 44 thieves study

A

. Aim to examine the links between affectionless psychopathic and maternal deprivation
. Sample consist of a 45 criminal teenagers accused of stealing
. Interviewed thieves for signs of affection of psychopathic and families interviewed to establish whether feed suffered a long early separation from mothers
. Control group of 44 noncriminal emotionally disturbed teens with set up social how often maternal deprivation occurred in children who are not delinquent
. 14 out of 44 were described as a fraction of psychopath of this 12 had experience prolonged separation in first wo years
. In the control 2 out of 44 had suffered maternal deprivation of zero affection with psychopaths
. Concluded that prolonged separation caused affection a psychopath

45
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the theory of maternal deprivation

A

. S supporting evidence hallow can be used because monkey suffered maternal deprivation and without a view saved to their offspring and were also less sociable showing detrimental effects on development
. W contradictory evidence cross-cultural research contradicts maternal deprivation, Guatemalan Indians found the children experience deprivation due to being kept in a windowless heart with little contact with their primary caregiver but didn’t experience impairment
. W sensitive rather than critical effects of deprivation can be reversed so period may be a sensitive one but cannot be critical
. W deprivation or privation deprivation means attachment already formed and then lost where is privation is failure to form any which reduces validity as study may not actually study what it claims to

46
Q

Explain Rutter at all

A

. Came to investigate a good care could make up the poor early experiences in institutions
. Followed group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain
. Cognitive physical and emotional development assessed for six 1115
. Control of 52 British children adopted at same time
. Found on initial arrival in UK adopters were behind on all three measures and at age 11 recovery depending on child’s age adoption
. Those adopted after six months showed disinhibited attachment
. Adopted before six months with me like he was 102 between six months into years is 86 in after two years of 77


47
Q

What is the bucharest early intervention project

A

. Zeanah et al (2005) assessed 95 children age 12 to 31 months who has spent 90% of lives in Romanian orphanages
. Compare to the control group of 50 children never in institution
. You strange situation to measure attachment site and ask her give us to describe unusual behaviours
. Find 75% of control group identified as securely attached compared to only 19% of institutionalise group
. 65% had disinhibited attachment type

48
Q

What is disinhibited attachment

A

. One child shows equal affection to strangers as people they know well attention seeking and cleaners are also, with this

49
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Romanian orphan studies

A

. S Real life applications care homes and children’s homes now avoid having large numbers of caregivers to ensure each child is assigned a key worker
. S fewer extraneous variables all the children suffer in the same way so not as many confounding variables given higher internal validity
. W Romanian orphanages had such bad conditions that it can’t be applied to the children in all the types of institutional care limits applicability
. W lack of adult data only studied at the age of 15 so long-term affects unknown

50
Q

How to childhood attachment types results of adult behaviours

A

. Insecure avoidant-somewhat uncomfortable with proximity to others nervous when people get too close not intimate with romantic partners
. Secure-relatively easy to get close to others and comfortable depending on them
. Insecure resistant-others reluctant to get as close as liked very clingy and anxious and insecure

51
Q

What did youngBlade and Belsky study

A

. Found 3 to 5-year-old securely attached children more self-confident and more sociable with other children so more likely to form close friendships

52
Q

What did Myron Wilson and Smith asses

A

. Bullion using questionnaires 196 children ages 7 to 11 from London
. Secure children unlikely to be involved bullying, insecure avoidant more likely to be victims, insecure resistant more likely to be bullies

53
Q

What did Kern study

A

. Securely attached babies tend to form best quality childhood friendships where is insecure babies had friendship difficulties

54
Q

What did hazen and shaver study

A

. Aims to find if attachment type in infancy it affects romantic relationships in future
. Analyse 620 replies to love quiz in American newspaper with three sections assessment of current almost significant relationship, assessment of love life, assessment of attachment type
. Found secure it was 56%, and happy friendly and trusting relationships the average on 10 years
. Avoidant 25%, jealousy environment and say uncomfortable depending on others average life of six years
. Resistant 19% obsessive in romantic relationships desires for intense closeness, five years on average

55
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of affects of early life on a Adult relationship

A

. W link decreases with age attachment type can change overtime due to participation in multiple relationships which alter internal working model
. W methodological issues often based on self-report measures which retrospective saw allow memory which can be unreliable and social desirability basis can also affect results
. W3 will versus determinism set in stone the children with Portelli relationships always a poly relationship switch is unfair

Psychology (8 decks)

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