Attachment: Overall Flashcards
Who is considered the father of modern Psychology and why?
Wilhelm Wundt – first to call himself a Psychologist, believed the mind could be studied scientifically and used introspection.
What is structuralism?
Breaking down behaviour into basic elements, using introspection.
What is introspection?
The process of examining one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings.
What are the two key assumptions of the scientific approach?
1) All behaviour is caused (determinism). 2) Behaviour can be predicted.
Name two strengths of the scientific method in Psychology.
Objectivity and systematic observation increase reliability and application in real life.
Name two limitations of the scientific method.
Artificial environments reduce ecological validity; human thoughts are hard to observe.
What are the two types of learning in Behaviourism?
Classical and operant conditioning.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning by association (e.g., Pavlov’s dogs salivating to a bell).
What is operant conditioning?
Learning through consequences: positive/negative reinforcement and punishment.
Give an example of operant conditioning in real life.
Token economy systems in prisons (positive reinforcement).
Name one strength and one limitation of Behaviourism.
Strength: Scientific and controlled methods. Limitation: Mechanistic view of humans.
Who developed Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura.
What is vicarious reinforcement?
Learning through observing others being rewarded.
What are the four mediational processes?
Attention, Retention, Motor production, Motivation.
What is identification in SLT?
Imitating role models we identify with (similarity, status, etc.).
What did Bandura’s Bobo Doll study show?
Children imitate behaviour of role models, especially when rewarded.
Give one strength and one limitation of SLT.
Strength: Recognises cognitive factors (reciprocal determinism). Limitation: Over-reliance on lab studies.
What does the cognitive approach study?
Internal mental processes like memory and attention.
What is a schema?
A cognitive framework to interpret information based on experience.
What is machine reductionism?
Oversimplifying human behaviour to computer analogies.
Name one application of the cognitive approach.
Development of CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy).
What is cognitive neuroscience?
Study of brain structures involved in mental processes using methods like brain scans.
What is the key assumption of the biological approach?
All behaviour has a biological basis (genes, neurochemicals, brain structures).
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = genetic makeup; Phenotype = observable traits influenced by environment.
What is natural selection?
Traits that enhance survival are passed down through generations.
Name one strength and one limitation of the biological approach.
Strength: Scientific methods like fMRI. Limitation: Reductionist view of complex behaviours.
Who founded the psychodynamic approach?
Sigmund Freud.
What are the three parts of Freud’s personality structure?
Id (pleasure principle), Ego (reality principle), Superego (morality principle).
Name two defence mechanisms.
Repression and displacement.
What is the Oedipus complex?
A child’s unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent and rivalry with the same-sex parent.
Give one strength and one limitation of the psychodynamic approach.
Strength: Influential and applied in therapy (e.g., psychoanalysis). Limitation: Untestable concepts.
What is self-actualisation?
Reaching full potential after lower needs in Maslow’s hierarchy are met.
What is congruence according to Rogers?
When self-concept matches the ideal self.
What are conditions of worth?
Conditions set by parents, e.g., ‘I will love you if you achieve X.’
Name one strength and one limitation of the humanistic approach.
Strength: Holistic view of human behaviour. Limitation: Cultural bias (may not apply to collectivist cultures).
