Attachment key terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Reciprocity

A

A description of how two people interact. Caregiver and enfant interaction is reciprocal in that both caregiver and baby respond to each others signa and each elicit a response from each other.

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2
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

Caregiver and baby reflect both the actions and emotions of the other in a coordinated way.

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3
Q

Stages of attachment

A

Many developmental theories identify a sequence of qualitatively different behaviors linked to specific ages. The ‘stages of attachment’ show different behaviors enfants go through as they get older in the same order.

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4
Q

Multiple attachments

A

Attachments to two or more people. Most babies appear to develop multiple attachments once they have formed one strong attachment to one of their carers.

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5
Q

Father

A

In attachment research, the father is anyone that takes the role of the main male caregiver. This does not need to be the biological father.

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6
Q

Animal studies

A

Studies carried out on non-human animal species, either for ethical or practical reasons. ( this could be because animals breed faster so we can see results over multiple generations)

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7
Q

Learning theory

A

A set of theory’s from the behaviorist approach , that emphasizes the role of learning behaviors. Their explanations include classical and operant conditioning.

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8
Q

Monotropic

A

Mono means one and tropic means ‘learning towards’ . This indicates that one particular attachment is different to others and has a central importance in childrens development.

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9
Q

Critical period

A

The time in which an attachment must be formed, if it to form at all. This was noted by Lorenz and Harlow as monkeys and birds had critical periods. Bowlby also proposed that babies have a sensitive period after which it is must more difficult to form an attachment.

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10
Q

Internal working model

A

Our mental representations of the world, eg the representation we have of our primary caregiver. This model effects our future relationships because it carries our perception of what relationships are like.

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11
Q

The strange situation

A

A controlled observation designed to test attachment security. Babies are tested on their response to playing in an unfamiliar room, being left alone, being left with a stranger and reunited with their caregiver.

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12
Q

Secure attachment

A

Generally thought of a the most desirable attachment style, associated with psychologically helpful outcomes. In the strange situation this is shown by moderate stranger and separation anxiety and ease of comfort at reunion.

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13
Q

Insecure-avoidant attachment

A

An attachment type characterized by anxiety and weak attachment. In the strange situation this is shown by low stranger and separation anxiety and little reaction to reunion, maybe even avoidance of the caregiver.

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14
Q

Insecure-resistant attachment

A

An attachment type characterized by strong attachment and high anxiety. In the strange situation this is shown by high levels of stranger and separation anxiety and by resistance to being comforted at reunion.

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15
Q

Cultural variations

A

‘Culture refers to the norms and values that exist within any group of people. Cultural variations are the differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups. In attachment research we are concerned with the differences in the proportion of children with different attachment types.

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16
Q

Maternal deprivation

A

The emotional and intellectual consequence of separation between a child and their mother or mother substitute. Bowlby proposed the continuo care from a mother is especial for normal psychological development, and that prolonged separation from this adult causes series damage to emotional and intellectual development.

17
Q

Orphan studies

A

These concern children placed in care because their parent cannot look after them. An orphan is a child whose parents have either died or permanently abandoned them.

18
Q

Institutionalization

A

The consequences of living in an institutional setting. The term institution refers to a place like a hospital or orphanage where people live for long, continuous amounts of time and there is often little emotional care. In attachment research we are interested in the effect if institutional care on a childs attachment and subsequent development.

19
Q

Childhood relationships

A

Affiliations with other people in childhood, including friends and classmates and with adults eg teachers.

20
Q

Adult relationships

A

Those relationships that a child goes on the develop in later life, these include friendships working relationships and romantic relationships including relationships with children.

21
Q

Internal working model

A

Our mental representation of the world. This model effects our future relationships because it carries our perception of what relationships are like.