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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is reciprocity?

A

A description of how two people interact. Mother- infant interaction is reciprocal in that both infant and mother respond to each other’s signals and each elicits a response from the other

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2
Q

What does Brazleton et al argue about the interactions between a child and their mother?

A

He says the interaction can be described as a ‘dance’ because it is just like a couples dance where each partner responds to each other’s moves

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3
Q

What is intersectional synchrony?

A

Mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a co-ordinated synchronised way

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4
Q

What did Isabella et al find out about synchrony and quality of attachment?

A

Observed mothers and infants together and assessed the degree of synchrony
- high levels of synchrony were associated with better quality mother- infant attachment

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5
Q

At what age does reciprocity become apparent?

A

From 3 months close attention between mother and infant

Where the mother responds to infant alertness

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6
Q

Evaluation of carer- infant interactions

A
  • we cannot know for certain that behaviours seen in mother- infant interaction have a special meaning
  • good validity - captures fine details
  • observations don’t tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity Feldman
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7
Q

What did Schaffer and Emerson find out about attachment?

A

That the majority of babies did become attached to their mother first (7 months)
- a few weeks later secondary attachments formed

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8
Q

Research into the role of the father

A
  • Grossman et al - attachment to fathers less important but fathers may have a different role - play and stimulation
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9
Q

Fathers as primary carers

A

Field - fathers as primary carers adopt attachment behaviour more typical of mothers

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10
Q

Evaluation of attachment figures

A
  • children without fathers aren’t different so suggests their not important
  • inconsistent finding on fathers - some research primary attachment some secondary
  • fathers not primary attachments - may be due to traditional gender roles or biological differences
  • socially sensitive research - working mothers
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11
Q

Who conducted a study into the development of attachment?

A

Schaffer and Emerson

  • they investigated the age of attachment formation and who with
  • mothers of 60 Glasgow babies reported monthly on depression anxiety
  • most babies showed attachment to a primary caregiver by 32 weeks and developed multiple attachments soon after this
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12
Q

Evaluation of Schaffer and Emerson’s study

A
  • good external validity - observations were in participants natural environments
  • longitudinal design - the same participants were observed at each age eliminating individual differences as a confound
  • limited sample characteristics - only from the same area, and over 50 years ago lacks generalisability
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13
Q

What are Schaffer’s stages of attachment?

A
  • Asocial stage - little observable social behaviour
  • Indiscriminate attachment - more observable attachment behaviour, accept cuddles from at adult
  • specific attachments - stranger anxiety and desperation anxiety in regard to one particular adult
  • multiple attachments - attachment behaviour directed towards more than one adult (secondary attachments)
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14
Q

Evaluation of Schaffer’s stages of attachment

A
  • social behaviour is hard to observe in the first few weeks but it doesn’t meant he baby is asocial
  • conflicting evidence - Ijzendoorn et al research in different contexts has found multiple attachments may appear first
  • just because a child protests when an adult leaves the room does not necessarily mean attachment
  • Schaffer and Emerson used limited measures of attachment
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15
Q

Who conducted animal studies of attachment?

A

Lorenz and Harlow

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16
Q

What was Lorenz research?

A
  • goslings day Lorenz when they hatched
  • Newly hatched chicks attach to the first moving object they see (imprinting)
  • Adult birds try to mate with whatever species or object they imprint on
  • there is a critical period
  • the control group followed their mother
17
Q

What’s the evaluation of Lorenz research?

A
  • birds and mammals have attachment systems so Lorenz’s results may not be relevant to humans
  • Guiton et al - birds imprinting in a rubber glove later preferred their own species
18
Q

What was Harlow’s research?

A
  • 16 baby monkeys
  • 2 wire mothers - in one condition milk was dispensed from the wire mother and in the other the milk was dispensed from the cloth mother
  • the baby moneys preferred the cloth mother regardless of what one had the milk
  • they grew up socially dysfunctional as they were maternally deprived
  • after 90 days attachment wouldn’t form
19
Q

Evaluation of Harlow’s research

A
  • demonstrates that attachment depends more on contact comfort rather than feeding
  • it has helped social workers understand the risk factors in child neglect, and allows them to understand that a child in a loving family that lack money isn’t abuse and they shouldn’t be separated instead the family should get money
  • Harlow faced severe criticism for the ethics of his research. Their suffering is seen as human like
20
Q

What is the learning theory’s explanation of attachment?

A
  • classical conditioning - caregiver (neutral stimulus) associated with food (unconditioned stimulus)
    Caregiver becomes conditioned stimulus
  • operant conditioning - crying behaviour reinforced positively for infant and negatively for caregiver

Attachment becomes a secondary drive through association with hunger - learned by association between the caregiver and the satisfaction of a primary drive

21
Q

Evaluation of the learning theory

A
  • Lorenz and Harlow showed that feeding is not he key to attachment
  • Schaffer and Emerson - most primary attachment figures were the mother even when others did most the feeding
  • cannot account for the importance of sensitivity and interactions synchrony
  • some elements of conditioning could still be involved - many aspects of human development are affected by conditioning
  • newer learning theory explanation - social learning theory - social behaviour is acquired largely as a result of modelling and imitation of behaviour
22
Q

What is Bowlby’s theory?

A

Bowlbys monotropic theory includes:

  • monotropy - one particular attachment is different in quality and importance than others
    • the law of continuity- the more constant and predictable a child’s care the better the quality of their attachment
    • the law of accumulated separation- the effects of every separation from the mother add up ‘and therefore the safest dose is therefore a zero dose’
  • social releasers - innate cute behaviours in the first two years due to the critical period lasting 2 years
  • internal working model - mental representations of the primary attachment relationship are templates for future relationships
23
Q

Evaluation of Bowlby’s theory

A
  • some babies form multiple attachments without a primary attachment
  • Seuss et al - other attachments may contribute as much as primary one
  • support - Brazleton et al - when social releasers ignored babies were upset
  • support - Bailey et al - quality of attachment is passed through generations in families
  • monotropy is a socially sensitive idea
  • temperament may be as important as attachment - the child’s genetically influenced personality
24
Q

Who did the strange situation?

A

Ainsworth

  • 7 stage controlled observation: assessed proximity seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger and separation anxiety, response to reunion
  • found that infants showed consistent patterns of attachment behaviour
  • types of attachment:
    • secure - enthusiastic greeting, generally content
    • avoidant - avoids reunion, generally reduced responses
    • resistant - resists reunion, generally more distressed
25
Q

Evaluation of Ainsworth’s strange situation

A
  • support - attachment type predicts later social and personal behaviour, eg. Bullying
  • good reliability - different observers agreed 90+% of the time on children’s attachment types
  • attachment behaviour may have different meanings in different cultures so the strange situation may be measuring different things
  • Main and Solomon creates a disorganised attachment type
26
Q

Studies of cultural variation

A
  • Van Ijzendoorn compared rates of attachment type in 8 countries. 75% secure in uk and 50% in China
    • found more variations within than between countries. Results of studies within the same country were actually 150% greater than those between countries
  • Simonella et al - Italian attachment rates have changed, may be due to changing practices
  • Jin et al - Korean attachment rates similar to Japan, could be due to similar child rearing styles
  • concludes that attachments are innate and universal and secure attachment is the norm
  • however cultural practices affect rates of attachment types
27
Q

Evaluation of cultural variations in attachment

A
  • large samples reduce the impact of anomalous results so improve internal validity
  • countries do not equate to cultures nor to culturally specific methods of child rearing so can’t make generalisations
  • research using the strange situation imposed a USA test on other cultures (imposed etic)
  • the strange situation lacks validity
  • more related to temperament - in which case the strange situation is not assessing attachment it is simply measuring anxiety
28
Q

What is Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation?

A
  • physical separation only leads to deprivation when the child loses emotional care
  • the first 30 months are critical and deprivation in that time causes damage
  • Goldfarb- deprivation causes low IQ
  • Bowlby - emotional development eg. Affection-less psychopathy
  • 44 thieves study - many more affection less psychopaths than controls had a prolonged separation
29
Q

Evaluation of Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

A
  • Lewis - sample of 500, no link between early separation and later criminality
  • orphans have experienced other traumas
  • bowlby exaggerated the importance of the critical period its more of a sensitive period
  • animal studies show effects of maternal deprivation
  • failure to distinguish between deprivation and privation - deprivations a loss of the primary attachment figure. Privation - the failure to form any attachment in the first place
30
Q

Romanian orphan studies

A
  • Rutter’s ERA study - 165 orphans adopted in Britain
  • some of those adopted later show low IQ and disinhibited attachment
  • Bucharest Early intervention project random allocation to institutional care or fostering
    Secure attachment in 19% of institutional group vs 74% of controls
    -

Psychology (11 decks)

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