attachment

Question 1

attachment

Answer 1

an emotional bond between two people that endures over time. a two-way process leading to behaviours such as clinging and proximity-seeking.

Question 2

caregiver

Answer 2

any person who provides care for a child such as a parent, grandparent, sibling, child-minder

Question 3

interactional synchrony

Answer 3

when interacting with each other people tend to mirror each other’s facial body movements, emotions as well as behaviours can be imitated

Question 4

reciprocity

Answer 4

where the actions of one partner elicit a response from the other partner. the response are not necessarily similar, a sin interactional synchrony

Question 5

stranger anxiety

Answer 5

the distress shown by an infant when approached or held by someone who is unfamiliar

Question 6

contact comfort

Answer 6

physical contact with a caregiver that can provide physical and emotional comfort

Question 7

imprinting

Answer 7

an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time in development, probably the first few hours after being born/hatching

Question 8

classical conditioning

Answer 8

learning through association. a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus, eventually becomes a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response

Question 9

learning theory

Answer 9

A group of explanations which explain behaviour in terms of learning rather that inborn tendencies or higher order thinking

Question 10

Operant Conditioning

Answer 10

Learning through reinforcement or punishment. if behaviour is followed by a desirable consequence, then that behaviour is more likely to occur again in the future

Question 11

Continuity Hypothesis

Answer 11

emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure, trusting and confident adults

Question 12

Critical period

Answer 12

biologically determined period during which certain characteristics develop. outside this time window such development will not be possible

Question 13

Internal Working Model

Answer 13

mental model of the world which enables individuals to predict and control their environment. a person’s expectations about relationships

Question 14

Monotropy

Answer 14

the relationship the infant has with his/her primary attachment figure is of special significance in emotional development

Question 15

social releaser

Answer 15

social behaviour or characteristic , such as smiling, that elicits caregiving and leads to attachment

Question 16

insecure avoidant

Answer 16

attachment type which describes children who tend to avoid social interaction and intimacy with others

Question 17

insecure-resistant

Answer 17

attachment type which describes infants who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction

Question 18

secure attachment

Answer 18

a strong and contended attachment developing sensitive responding to the infant’s needs. infants are comfortable with social interaction and intimacy

Question 19

strange situation

Answer 19

controlled observation of willingness to explore, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety and reunion behaviour. it is designed to test attachment security

Question 20

cultural variations

Answer 20

the way that different groups of people vary in terms of their social practices, and the effect these practices have on the development and behaviour

Question 21

deprivation

Answer 21

the loss of emotional care that is normally provided by a primary caregiver

Question 22

institutionalisation

Answer 22

the effect of institutional care, especially how time spent in an institution such as an orphanage can affect the development of children. possible effects e.g. mental and physical underdevelopment, which could be irreversible