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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Attachment

A

A two-way emotional bond between two people

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2
Q

Reciprocity

A

Responding to the action of another with a similar

action

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3
Q

interactional synchrony

A

When two people interact they tend to mirror what the other is doing

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4
Q

Brazelton et al

A

Described interaction as a ‘dance’

Each partner responds to each other’s moves

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5
Q

Meltzoff and Moore

A

Observed beginnings of interactional synchrony in infants as young as two weeks old

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6
Q

Meltzoff and Moore

A

wanted to find out whether infants imitate facial expressions and hand gestures
adult model displayed 1/3 gestures/facial expressions
dummy placed in mouth to prevent response
dummy removed - child’s response filmed
found an association between the infants behaviour and that of the adult model
because the were imitating they intended to do it
therefore, behavioural response must be innate

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7
Q

Murray and Trevarthen

A

wanted to find out if imitating behaviours are innate rather than learnt
2 month olds 1st interacted via a video monitor with their mother in real time
then played a tape of the mother so that the images was not responding to the infant
acute distress from child - tried to get mother’s response but couldn’t so turned away
shows the infant is an active and intentional partner in the mother-infant interaction

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8
Q

Shaffer’s stages of Attachment

A

studied 60 infants and mothers from Glasgow

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9
Q

Asocial stage

A

0-6 weeks
similar responses produced to people suggesting attachment can be made to anyone
however, rapidly learn to discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar people by smell and voice

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10
Q

Indiscriminate Attachment

A 
6 weeks - 7 months 
become more social 
can tell people apart 
don't show fear of strangers
can be comforted by anyone
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11
Q

Specific Attachment

A

7 months -
child primarily attached to main caregiver
babies begin to show separation anxiety and fear of strangers

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12
Q

Multiple Attachments

A

10/11 months -

follow soon after 1st attachment is made to people such as siblings and grandparents

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13
Q

Role of the father

A

less likely to be primary caregivers
have an important secondary role
more playful and physically active relationship with their caregiver

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14
Q

Heerman et al

A

found men are less sensitive to infant cues

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15
Q

Frodi et al

A

Found no difference between mothers and fathers

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16
Q

Imprinting

A

an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time in development, if it doesn’t happen at this time id probably will not happen

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17
Q

Critical period

A

Imprinting is restricted to a very definite period very early in life
in no moving object in critical period then no imprinting

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18
Q

Lorenz

A

interested in attachment between animals for survival
took a group of eggs and split them
1/2 with natural 1/2 with incubator
when hatched - ones in incubator saw Lorenz 1st
they started to follow him
imprinting for life - irreversible

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19
Q

Harlow

A

to see if mother love is based on the feeding bond or comfort
8 monkeys studied for 165 days
4 = milk bottle on cloth covered mother
4 = milk bottle on wire mother
all 8 monkeys spent most time with cloth-covered mother
those who fed from wire only spent short time getting milk
when frightened they clung to the cloth-covered also kept a foot on for reassurance
infants do not develop an attachment to the person who feed them but tot the person offering contact comfort

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20
Q

Learning Theory

A

Behaviour is learned
babies are born as ‘blank slates’
person they become is a produce of the experience they have
behaviour is learnt through classical or operant conditioning

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21
Q

Monotropic

A

one primary attachment figure

  • infants have an innate drive to become attached
  • takes place during critical period
22
Q

Ainsworth Procedure

A

see how infants, 9-18 months, behave under conditions of mild stress and novelty
8 episodes of 3 minutes
every 15 seconds 5 different behaviours are rated as happening or not and scored on an intensity level of 1-7
behaviours tested; separation anxiety, reunion behaviour and stranger anxiety

23
Q

Ainsworth Findings

A 
Sxploratory behaviours declined in all infants from episode 2, whereas amount of crying increased
3 main patterns of behaviour 
secure (B)
resistant (C)
avoidant (A)
24
Q

Secure attachment

A

Infants use caregivers as a base to explore their environments

Not likely to cry if caregiver leaves them

Show mild stress when left with a stranger

When feeling anxious they’re more easily soothed by caregiver

25
Q

Secure attachment (B)

A

Infants use caregivers as a base to explore their environments

Not likely to cry if caregiver leaves them

Show mild stress when left with a stranger

When feeling anxious they’re more easily soothed by caregiver

26
Q

Insecure Attachment (A)

A

infants are happy to explore environment with or without caregiver

Show little response to separation

Show little/no social interactions and intimacy with others

27
Q

Insecure Resistant (C)

A

Infants seek and resist social interactions with others

High level s of separation anxiety and stranger anxiety

when reunited with caregiver infant shows conflicting behaviours and resit being picked up

28
Q

Van Ijendoorn and Kroonenberg

A

look at proportion of type ABC attachment across a range of cultures
meta analysis - 32 studies, 15 in USA, 8 countries

29
Q

Van Ijendoorn and Kroonenberg findings

A

differences between cultures and within cultures
all countries - secure attachment = most common (75% in Britain - 50% in China) Insecure resistant (3% in Britain) Insecure- avoidant most common in Germany least common in japan

30
Q

Van Ijendoorn and Kroonenberg conclusion

A

variations between results of studies within the same countries actually 150% greater than between countries

31
Q

Simonella

A

see whether the proportions of babies of different attachment types still matched those found in previous studies
assessed 76 12-month olds using strange situation

32
Q

Simonella Findings

A

50% were secure
36% insecure- avoidant
lower rate of secure - suggested because increasing amount of mothers of young children work long hours and use professional childcare

33
Q

Simonella Conclusion

A

Cultureal changes can make a dramatic difference of pattersn of secure and insecure attachemtn

34
Q

Simonella Conclusion

A

Cultural changes can make a dramatic difference of patterns of secure and insecure attachment

35
Q

Jin et al

A

to compare the proportions of attachment types in Korea to other studies
used strange situation to assess 87 children

36
Q

Jin et al Findings

A

overall proportions of insecure and secure babies were similar to most countries.
however, more of those classified as insecurely attached were resistant and only 1 was avoidant

37
Q

Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

A

prolonged emotional deprivation would have long-term consequences on emotional development
emphasised maternal care and believed infants and children need ‘warm, intimate and continuous relationship with a mother’ for normal mental health

only have an effect if takes place during critical period

potential development can be avoided if suitable emotional care in provided by a mother-substitute

38
Q

Bowlby’s 44 thieves aim

A

too see if there is a connection between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation

39
Q

Bowlby’s 44 thieves procedure

A

case histories of 88 children from the child guidance clinic
44 of these had been caught steeling
44 = control group
44 thieves interviewed to look for sings of affectionless psychopathy
number of prolonged maternal separation in both group was assessed

40
Q

Bowlby’s 44 thieves Findings

A

14/44 = affectionless psychopaths
12 experienced frequent and prolonged early separation
control group = 2 experienced prolong separation

41
Q

Rutter and Sonuga Barke aim

A

to look at the long-term effects of institutionalisation

to see effects on physical, cognitive and social development

42
Q

Rutter and Sonuga Barke procedure

A

165 Romanian children who spent eatery lives in Romanian institutions
111 adopted before 2
54 before 4
tested at regular intervals
compared to control group of 52 British children adopted in UK before 6 months

43
Q

Rutter and Sonuga Barke Findings

A

at time of adoption = Romanian adoptees read worse on everything at 4 some had caught up with British control group
at 11 difference of recovery related to age of adoption
before 6 mean IQ = 102
Between 6months - 2yrs mean IQ =86
after 2 years mean IQ = 77

44
Q

Rutter and Sonuga Barke conclusion

A

Long term consequences may be less severe than one thought if infants have opportunity to form attachments
however, if they don’t form attachment then consequences will be severe

45
Q

Zeanah et al aim

A

Long-term effects of institutionalisation on attachment

46
Q

Zeanah e al procedure

A

compared 135 Romanian children who had septn average of 90% of lives in an institution with control Romanian children who were never in an orphanage
age 12-31 months
assessed with strange situation

47
Q

Zeanah et al findings

A 
control group 
 - 74% securely attached 
(20% disinhibited attachment)
Intuitional group 
 - 65% disorganised attachment 
(44% disinhibited attachment)
48
Q

Zeanah et al

A

being in an institution affected their attachment

more showed disinhibited attachment

49
Q

Effects of Institutionalisation

A

Physical underdevelopment

Intellectual under functioning

Disinhibited attachment

poor parenting

50
Q

Hazan and Shaver aim

A

Love Quiz

to test internal working model

51
Q

Hazan and Shaver Procedure

A

placed a ‘love quiz’ in the rocky mountain news
quiz asked Q’s about current attachment figures and about attachment history to identify current and childhood attachment types

52
Q

Hazan and Shaver findings

A 
56% secure
25% avoidant 
19% resistant 
- similar to infancy 
positive correlation between attachment type and love experiences

Psychology (7 decks)

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