Aggression Flashcards
Mann et al
35 healthy participants a drug to deplete serotonin
used questionnaire to assess hostility and aggression levels
found this drug in males was associated with an increase in hostility and aggression scores
Sapolsky
Summarised how removing the source of testosterone in different species typically resulted in much lower levels of aggression
Archer
men are more aggressive than women
Dabbs
men have much higher concentrations of testosterone than women
measured salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals
Daly and Wilson
between 21-35 when testosterone levels are at their highest there is an increase in male-on-male aggression
Denmark study
study of over 14,000 children in Denmark
found significant number of adopted boys with criminal convictions has biological parents with convictions for criminal violence
Miles and Carey
meta analysis of 24 twins and adoption studies
suggested a strong genetic influence that could account for 50% of the variance in aggression
Age differences were notably important with both genes and family influencing
Dutch Family
found that many of its male members behaved in serious crimes of violence
found them to have abnormally low levels of MAOAin their bodies
Brunner
After Dutch study found a deficit in this gene
Caspi et al
Linked MAOA to aggressive behaviour
involved 500 male children
discovered a variant of the gene associated with high levels of MAOA and a variant associated with low levels of MAOA
Those with MAOA were likely to grow up to exhibit anti-social behaviour but only if they had been MALTREATED
Tinbergen
researched sticklebacks
male stickleback will produce a fixed sequence of aggressive actions when another male enters it territory
sign stimulus not the male but the red underbelly
if covered up then no aggression produced
Lorenz
Claimed species must also have instinctive inhibitions that prevent them using these weapons against members of their own species
no hunting species have no powerful natural weapons and therefore have not developed the same inhibitions against hurting their own kind
Lehman
Criticised Lorenz
believes that he underestimated environmental factors
result of experience
therefore, FAP tends not to be used and has been replaced with behaviour pattern
Archer
male aggression can also occur as a result of sexual jealousy which arises as a result of paternal uncertainty
Buss
suggests males have a number of strategies that have evolved specifically for the purpose of keeping a mate
1) use of violence
2) threat of violence
3) violence towards a perceived love rival
Livington Smith
human warfare originated not only to obtain valuable resources but also to attract mates and forge intragroup bonds
Daly and Wilson
many tribal studies bestow status and honour to men who have committed murder
Adams
the idea of a woman warrior is almost unheard of within most societies
Dollard et al
frustration aggression hypothesis
all aggression was a result of frustration
Brown et al
surveyed British holiday makers who were prevented from travelling by ferry to France because French fishing boats blocked the French port
found an increase in hostile attitudes towards the French as a result of the passengers frustration
Doob and Sears
asked participants to imagine how they would feel in a number of different frustrating situations
waiting for a bus which went past without stopped
many participants reported they would feel angry
Pastore
distinguished between justified and unjustified frustration
the situation involving a bus that did not stop was changed to indicate that the bus was clearly displaying an ‘out of service’ message
under this (justified frustration)
participants expressed much lower levels of anger
Berkowitz
Revised frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration is only one response to unpleasant experiences leading to aggression
unpleasant experiences create ‘negative effects’
Bandura
bobo doll
Gustave Le Bon
described how an individual was transformed when part of a crowd
Zimbardo
led to the suggestion that anonymity increased aggressiveness
groups of 4 females required to deliver electric shocks to another student
half participants wore bulky coats and hoods that hid their faces, sat in separate cubicles and weren’t referred to by name
others wore normal clothes and given name tags, could also see each other
participants in de-individuation condition were more likely to press the button and held the shock button down for twice as long
Sykes
described the specific deprivations that inamtes experience within prision and which might be linked to an increase in violence
loss of liberty
loss of autonomy
loss of security
Cooke et al
we need to consider situational context where violence takes place
overcrowding
heat and noise
Job Burnout
Bjorkqvist
exposed 5-6 year olds yo either violent or non-violent films. compared the two
Those who saw violent film were rated much higher on measures of physical aggression
Huesmann et al
studies 557 children between 6-10 and then 329 again 15 years later
found habitual early exposure to TV violence was predictive of adult aggression
applied to both boys and girls
Gentile and Stone
found short-term increases in levels of physiological arousal, hostile feelings and aggressive behaviour following violent game play compared to non-violent game play
Anderson et al
surveyed 430 children aged between seven and nine
children who has high exposure to violent video games became more verbally and physically aggressive and less prosocial
