Aggression

Question 1

Mann et al

Answer 1

35 healthy participants a drug to deplete serotonin
used questionnaire to assess hostility and aggression levels
found this drug in males was associated with an increase in hostility and aggression scores

Question 2

Sapolsky

Answer 2

Summarised how removing the source of testosterone in different species typically resulted in much lower levels of aggression

Question 3

Archer

Answer 3

men are more aggressive than women

Question 4

Dabbs

Answer 4

men have much higher concentrations of testosterone than women
measured salivary testosterone in violent and non-violent criminals

Question 5

Daly and Wilson

Answer 5

between 21-35 when testosterone levels are at their highest there is an increase in male-on-male aggression

Question 6

Denmark study

Answer 6

study of over 14,000 children in Denmark
found significant number of adopted boys with criminal convictions has biological parents with convictions for criminal violence

Question 7

Miles and Carey

Answer 7

meta analysis of 24 twins and adoption studies
suggested a strong genetic influence that could account for 50% of the variance in aggression
Age differences were notably important with both genes and family influencing

Question 8

Dutch Family

Answer 8

found that many of its male members behaved in serious crimes of violence
found them to have abnormally low levels of MAOAin their bodies

Question 9

Brunner

Answer 9

After Dutch study found a deficit in this gene

Question 10

Caspi et al

Answer 10

Linked MAOA to aggressive behaviour
involved 500 male children
discovered a variant of the gene associated with high levels of MAOA and a variant associated with low levels of MAOA
Those with MAOA were likely to grow up to exhibit anti-social behaviour but only if they had been MALTREATED

Question 11

Tinbergen

Answer 11

researched sticklebacks
male stickleback will produce a fixed sequence of aggressive actions when another male enters it territory
sign stimulus not the male but the red underbelly
if covered up then no aggression produced

Question 12

Lorenz

Answer 12

Claimed species must also have instinctive inhibitions that prevent them using these weapons against members of their own species
no hunting species have no powerful natural weapons and therefore have not developed the same inhibitions against hurting their own kind

Question 13

Lehman

Answer 13

Criticised Lorenz
believes that he underestimated environmental factors
result of experience
therefore, FAP tends not to be used and has been replaced with behaviour pattern

Question 14

Archer

Answer 14

male aggression can also occur as a result of sexual jealousy which arises as a result of paternal uncertainty

Question 15

Buss

Answer 15

suggests males have a number of strategies that have evolved specifically for the purpose of keeping a mate

1) use of violence
2) threat of violence
3) violence towards a perceived love rival

Question 16

Livington Smith

Answer 16

human warfare originated not only to obtain valuable resources but also to attract mates and forge intragroup bonds

Question 17

Daly and Wilson

Answer 17

many tribal studies bestow status and honour to men who have committed murder

Question 18

Adams

Answer 18

the idea of a woman warrior is almost unheard of within most societies

Question 19

Dollard et al

Answer 19

frustration aggression hypothesis

all aggression was a result of frustration

Question 20

Brown et al

Answer 20

surveyed British holiday makers who were prevented from travelling by ferry to France because French fishing boats blocked the French port
found an increase in hostile attitudes towards the French as a result of the passengers frustration

Question 21

Doob and Sears

Answer 21

asked participants to imagine how they would feel in a number of different frustrating situations
waiting for a bus which went past without stopped
many participants reported they would feel angry

Question 22

Pastore

Answer 22

distinguished between justified and unjustified frustration
the situation involving a bus that did not stop was changed to indicate that the bus was clearly displaying an ‘out of service’ message
under this (justified frustration)
participants expressed much lower levels of anger

Question 23

Berkowitz

Answer 23

Revised frustration-aggression hypothesis
frustration is only one response to unpleasant experiences leading to aggression
unpleasant experiences create ‘negative effects’

Question 24

Bandura

Answer 24

bobo doll

Question 25

Gustave Le Bon

Answer 25

described how an individual was transformed when part of a crowd

Question 26

Zimbardo

Answer 26

led to the suggestion that anonymity increased aggressiveness
groups of 4 females required to deliver electric shocks to another student
half participants wore bulky coats and hoods that hid their faces, sat in separate cubicles and weren’t referred to by name
others wore normal clothes and given name tags, could also see each other
participants in de-individuation condition were more likely to press the button and held the shock button down for twice as long

Question 27

Sykes

Answer 27

described the specific deprivations that inamtes experience within prision and which might be linked to an increase in violence
loss of liberty
loss of autonomy
loss of security

Question 28

Cooke et al

Answer 28

we need to consider situational context where violence takes place
overcrowding
heat and noise
Job Burnout

Question 29

Bjorkqvist

Answer 29

exposed 5-6 year olds yo either violent or non-violent films. compared the two
Those who saw violent film were rated much higher on measures of physical aggression

Question 30

Huesmann et al

Answer 30

studies 557 children between 6-10 and then 329 again 15 years later
found habitual early exposure to TV violence was predictive of adult aggression
applied to both boys and girls

Question 31

Gentile and Stone

Answer 31

found short-term increases in levels of physiological arousal, hostile feelings and aggressive behaviour following violent game play compared to non-violent game play

Question 32

Anderson et al

Answer 32

surveyed 430 children aged between seven and nine

children who has high exposure to violent video games became more verbally and physically aggressive and less prosocial