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Psychology- Mr Hilditch > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What is attachment

A

“Attachment is a deep and enduring emotional bond that connects one person to another across time and space”

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2
Q

Interactional synchrony

A
  • process in which a behaviour is matched during an interaction
  • E.g. mother smiling and baby smiling back
  • develops in its simplistic form in a very early stage
  • mirror study
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3
Q

Reciprocity

A
  • a parents speech and infants behaviour become finely synchronised so that they are in direct response to one another
  • micro level behaviours occur in time with each other
  • E.g. peek-a-boo study
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4
Q

What are the 4 stages of attachment

A
  1. Asocial stage
  2. Indiscriminate stage
  3. Specific stage
  4. Multiple attachments
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5
Q

Key points for Asocial stage

A
  • 0-6weeks old
  • no discrimination between humans
  • preference for humans over non-humans
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6
Q

Key points for Indiscriminate stage

A
  • 6weeks to 6/7 months
  • can tell people apart
  • stronger bonds start to grow to familiar adults
  • no fear of strangers
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7
Q

Key points of Specific stage

A
  • 7-9months
  • strong displays of separation anxiety
  • distress in the company of strangers
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8
Q

Key points for Multiple attachments

A
  • 10months and onwards
  • attachment with primary carer grows
  • increased interest in developing bonds with others
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9
Q

Schaffer & Emerson (1964) - procedure

A
  • longitudinal study
  • 60 babies
  • First 18months of life
  • visited once a month in their own home
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10
Q

Schaffer & Emerson (1964) - what measures did they use to observe

A
  1. Stranger anxiety
  2. Separation anxiety
  3. Social referencing (checking with carer for new things)
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11
Q

Animal attachment- Konrad Lorenz - what is imprinting?

A

= casting on impression on the brain of an infant in regard to the primary care giver

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12
Q

Animal attachment - Konrad Lorenz - what is ethology?

A

= the study of animal behaviour

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13
Q

Meltzoff & Moore (1977) - procedure

A

-

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14
Q

Meltzoff & Moore (1977) - findings

A
  • found that there was an association between the infant behaviour and that of the adult model
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15
Q

Meltzoff & Moore - conclusion

A
  • it can be concluded that interactional synchrony does exist
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16
Q

Harry Harlow: dependency in monkeys - brief summary

A

Began by weaning off the wire mother then went to the cloth mother

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17
Q

Harlow’s monkeys - procedure

A
  • 16 baby monkeys
  • both the surrogates were placed with the infant monkeys so the infant monkey would have a choice where to go
  • infant monkeys divided into 2 separate groups
  • 2 wire monkeys - 1 with cloth all over it, 1 with ability to feed milk
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18
Q

Harlow’s monkeys - findings

A
  • even though infants received nourishment from the wire mother, they still spent more time cuddling the cloth mother = not purely a physiological bond
  • infants who grew up with cloth mothers exhibited emotional attachment and ‘normal’ behaviour in stressful environments
  • results for wire mother were the opposite
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19
Q

Harlow’s monkeys - long term effects

A
  • there is a critical period for attachment to develop = Harlow believed it to be 90 days after this time the maternal deprivation was done - attachment was no longer possible
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20
Q

Harlow’s monkeys- conclusion

A
  • Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort, suggesting attachment concerns emotional security more than food
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21
Q

Explanations of attachment - 1. Behavioural/learning theory. Who suggested this?

A

Dollard and Millar (1950)

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22
Q

Behavioural/ learning theory - key points

A
  • all behaviours are learnt
  • classical conditioning —> s-r response bond - association of stimulus
  • operant conditioning —> reward (reinforcement)
    —> punishment
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23
Q

Behavioural/learning theory - stages (S-R)

A
  1. Food = Happy baby
  2. Mother + Food = Happy baby
  3. Mother = Happy baby
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24
Q

Explanations for attachment - monotropic attachment theory. Who suggested this?

A

Bowlby

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25
Q

Monotropic attachment theory - what led bowlby to formulate his attachment theory

A

The link between early infant separations with the mother and later maladjustment

26
Q

Monotropic attachment theory - bowlby (1958) - what is the theory?

A
  • a child has innate needs to attach to one attachment figure
  • attachment is adaptive as it enhances the infant’s chance of survival
  • social releaser -p= crying
  • a child show receive continuous care from the primary attachment figure in the first 2 years = there is a ‘sensitive’ period
  • caregiver provides safety and security for the infant. An internal working model is created
  • monotropy and hierarchy
  • continuity hypothesis
27
Q

Monotropic attachment theory - what does ISSMIC stand for

A

I - innate
S - social releaser
S - sensitive period
M - monotropy
I - internal working model
C - continuity hypothesis

28
Q

Explanations of attachment - 3. Maternal deprivation hypothesis - who suggested this

A

Bowlby

29
Q

Maternal deprivation hypothesis - key points

A
  • critical period
  • 0-2 years (continuous) until age 5
  • if no attachment is formed, it will have irreversible consequences = .increased aggression .less intelligence
30
Q

Maternal deprivation hypothesis - consequences of continued disruption of attachment between infant and primary caregiver

A
  • Long term cognitive, social, and emotional difficulties
  • delinquency
  • depression
  • affection less psychopathy
  • aggressive behaviours
31
Q

Explanations of attachment - Strange Situation study - whose study was this

A

Mary Ainsworth

32
Q

Strange situation study - aims

A
  • investigate to determine the nature of attachment
  • attachment behaviours
  • attachment styles
33
Q

Strange situation study - what were the 8 stages of the study

A

1- mother, baby, experimenter
2- mother and baby alone
3- a stranger joins mother and baby
4- mother leaves baby with stranger
5- mother returns and strangers leaves
6- mother leaves, baby is left alone
7- stranger returns
8- mother returns and stranger leaves

34
Q

strange situation study - what were the 4 interactional behaviours recorded

A
  • proximity & contact seeking
  • contact maintaining
  • avoidance of proximity & contact
  • resistance to contact and comforting
35
Q

strange situation study - what were the others behaviours observed

A
  • explanatory behaviours
  • search behaviours
  • affect displays negative
36
Q

strange situation study - how often was the situation observed/recorded

A

every 15seconds

37
Q

what % of infants showed a secure attachment in the strange situation

A

70%

38
Q

what % of infants showed an insecure resistant attachment in the strange situation

A

15%

39
Q

what % of infants showed an insecure avoidant attachment in the strange situation

A

15%

40
Q

strange situation study - what are the conclusions

A
  • caregiver sensitivity hypothesis = attachment style is dependant on behaviour that the mother shows towards them
41
Q

strange situation study - what was the sensitive conclusion

A

more likely to have securely attached children
- positive working model of themselves
- see others as helpful
- see themselves of worthy of respect

42
Q

strange situation study - what was the less sensitive conculsion

A

more likely to have insecurely attached children
- sometimes needs are met and sometimes ignored tends to produce insecure resistant.
–> exaggerated responses
–> negative self image
- unresponsive primary care = insecure avoidant
–> unworthy and unacceptable
–> caused by rejection from primary caregiver

43
Q

what are multiple attachments

A
  • emotional bonds with several people
  • may serve different purposes for the child
44
Q

what did Rutter (1995) propose a model of

A

multiple attachments of equal importance
(combining to form the child’s internal working model)

45
Q

Schaffer & Emerson (1964) showed what about fathers

A

that they are less likely to be the primary attachment figure

46
Q

Schaffer & Emerson (1964) found that 65% of children had…..

A

…first specific attachment to the mother

47
Q

Schaffer & Emerson (1964) found that 30% of mothers were …….

A

….joint first caregivers/27% fathers joint first

48
Q

Schaffer & Emerson (1964) found that 3% of fathers ……

A

….are the first specific attachment

49
Q

biological factors for explaining the respective roles

A
  • female hormone oestrogen promotes interpersonal goals
  • men were shown to be less sensitive to infant cues than mother
  • yet… Frodi et al. (1978) said there were no differences in physiological responses of men and women
50
Q

social factors for explaining the respective roles

A
  • sex stereotypes on sensitivity to others prevail
  • mothers nurture, fathers ‘play’
  • in 2 parent families where the father is the primary caregiver, both parents often share the role of primary attachment figure
51
Q

factors affecting the relationship between fathers and children

A
  • degree of sensitivity
  • type of attachment with own parents
  • marital intimacy
  • supportive co-parenting
52
Q

degree of sensitivity

A

fathers who show sensitivity to their children’s needs have more secure attachments

53
Q

type of attachment with own parents

A

single parent fathers tend to form similar attachment with their children that they had with their own parents

54
Q

marital intimacy

A

the degree of intimacy a father has with his partner affects the types of attachment he has with his children

55
Q

supportive co-parenting

A

the amount of support a father gives to his partner in helping to care for children affecting the type of attachment he will have with his children

56
Q

who studied the effects of institutionalisation on attachment

A

Rutter et al (2010)

57
Q

Rutter et al (2010) aim

A

to examine the long-term effects of institutionalisation in a longitudinal study, beginning in the early 1900’s called the ERA

58
Q

Rutter et al (2010) method

A
  • 165 Romanian orphans were compared against a control group of 52 British children adopted at the time
  • all assessed in terms of their physical, intellectual, emotional and social development at ages of 4,6,11,and 15 years old
59
Q

Rutter et al (2010) results for IQ

A
  • when first arrived half of the Romanian orphans showed damage to intellectual development
  • at age 11 they showed different improvements in IQ depending on the age of their adoption
    –> adopted by 6 months = IQ 102
    –> adopted between 6 months & 2 years = IQ 86
    –> adopted after 2 years = IQ 77
60
Q

Rutter et al (2010) results for disinhibited attachment

A
  • those adopted after 6months show disinhibited attachment
  • those adopted before 6 months did not show this
61
Q

disinhibited attachment

A

this includes symptoms such as clinginess, attention seeking and indiscriminate behaviour directed to all adults

Psychology- Mr Hilditch (8 decks)

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