attachment

Question 1

what is attachment?

Answer 1

a close emotional bond between two people( carer-infant), characterised by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity. it’s a two ways process and endured over time.

Question 2

name 3 examples of attachment behaviours

Answer 2

proximity seeking, desire to be physically close
separation protest, distress at separation
stranger anxiety, distress at a stranger interaction

Question 3

what is the key study by meltzoff and moore?(1977)

Answer 3

a controlled laboratory observation to investigate infant-carer interactions.
Adult presented child with a facial expression.infants expressions were monitored, found that infants imitated expressions shown

Question 4

what is reciprocity?

Answer 4

infant and carer interaction in a type of non verbal conversation through coordinating actions. allows the carer to anticipate infants behaviour and respond appropriately. lays foundation for attachment to form.

Question 5

what is interactional synchrony?

Answer 5

imitation between a care giver and infant, due to infants innate response.
important for later communication.

Question 6

name the 4 stages of schaffer and emerson’s stage theory of attachment.

Answer 6

under 2 months, indiscriminate attachment
2-4 months, beginning of attachment
4-7 months, discriminate attachment
+7 months, multiple attachment stage

Question 7

What is the indiscriminate attachment stage?

Answer 7

reciprocity and interactional synchrony play a role in developing relationships

Question 8

what is the beginnings of attachment?

Answer 8

infant seeks attention from a number of different individuals. does not yet show stranger anxiety.

Question 9

what is the discriminate attachment stage?

Answer 9

infant develops strong attachment to one individual, shows stranger anxiety.

Question 10

what is the multiple stage attachment?

Answer 10

baby forms strong emotional ties with other caregivers and non caregivers such as siblings

Question 11

what is the glasgow babies study by schaffer and emerson in 1960s?

Answer 11

60 babies were studied, ranged from 5-23 weeks old. studied until they were 1. mothers were visited every week.mother reported infants response to being separated.

Question 12

give two points of evaluation for the Glasgow babies. stage theory

Answer 12

1. challenge of internal validity, social desirability bias.

2. carried out in the 1960s, temporal validity. cant generalise

Question 13

what did schaffer and emerson find about the role of the father?

Answer 13

less likely to be primary attachment figure due to biological or social factors, eg man provides for family so works more or that women have oestrogen which is a hormone which is involved in caring behaviour.

Question 14

what did geiger(1996) and lamb(1987) find?

Answer 14

Geiger: fathers play interactions are more exciting and pleasurable
Lamb: children prefer interacting with fathers when in a positive emotional state.

Question 15

What was the aim of Harlows research?

Answer 15

he wanted to understand the basis of the bond between a newborn monkey and their mother.

Question 16

what was the method of investigation used in harlow’s experiment?

Answer 16

baby monkeys were placed in a cafe with two surrogate mothers one with wire and one with cloth.

Question 17

state a criticism of harlow’s studies.

Answer 17

the two stimulus objects varied in multiple ways, eg the objects had different heads.

Question 18

what is meant by the term imprinting?

Answer 18

imprinting is an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with mother. this takes place at a specific time in development and if it doesn’t happen then, it probably won’t happen at all

Question 19

what did Guitons research find?(imprinting)

Answer 19

it is supportive of lorenz’s imprinting theory. he exposed leg horn chicks to yellow gloves during critical period. chicks imprinted on the gloves. supports ideas that young animals imprint on anything moving during critical period.

Question 20

what did Gutions research challenge?

Answer 20

it challenged the idea that imprinting could be reversible.

Question 21

Concerning the learning theory what does behaviourist mean?

Answer 21

behaviour is learned from the environment through conditioning.

Question 22

Concerning learning theory what does evolutionary mean?

Answer 22

behaviours seen today can be explained by their adaptive importance to our early ancestors.

Question 23

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 23

classical conditioning is when we associate a reflex response with an alternative stimulus.

Question 24

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 24

operant conditioning is when behaviour is determined by consequences, positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Question 25

what is cupboard love?

Answer 25

you only love your carer because they feed you

Question 26

what is the explanation for attachment through classical conditioning?

Answer 26

babies are born with reflexes, specially hunger and satisfaction. then baby is hungry then the mother feeds it. the baby feels satisfied. then the feeling of satisfaction is associated with the mother, meaning the baby then begins to experience pleasure when with the mother.

Question 27

what is an internal working model?

Answer 27

a mental model of the word which enables individuals to have certain expectations about relationships.

Question 28

what is bowlbys monograph theory?

Answer 28

the idea that infants have one primary attachment.

Question 29

define insecure avoidant attachment

Answer 29

avoid social interaction and intimacy with others

Question 30

define insecure resistant

Answer 30

seek and reject intimacy and social interaction

Question 31

define secure attachment

Answer 31

strong contented attachment, comfortable with social interaction and intimacy

Question 32

what is the strange situation ship

Answer 32

test on attachment to see how infants behave under conditions of mild stress and novelty

Question 33

what is the procedure of the strange situation ship

Answer 33

8 episodes
observation of infants response to separation from caregiver
reunion with caregiver
response to stranger
care giver and stranger alternately stay with the infant or leave

Question 34

findings of strange situation ship

Answer 34

found 3 main patterns of behaviour
secure
insecure avoidant
insecure resistant

Question 35

limitation of strange situationship. 4th attachment

Answer 35

overlooked another type of attachment. conclusions were too simplified. insecure disorganised, lack of consistent patterns

Question 36

evaluation of strange situationship. reliability

Answer 36

observations had high reliability. inter observer reliability. perfect agreement when rating behaviour

Question 37

criticism of strange situationship. internal validity

Answer 37

low internal validity, whether it measure attachment type or just the quality of the relationship. children behave differently with each parent. support bowlbys monotropy theory. this supports validity