ATPI Flashcards

Question

Advantages/Disadvantages of propeller

Answer 1

Slipstream effect, more lift, more responsive rudder, quick response to power changes Lack of speed due to prop RPM limits due to tips becoming supersonic

Answer 2

To ensure a constant angle of attack throughout the blade

Answer 3

SLIPSTREAM EFFECT ASYMMETRIC BLADE EFFECT

Answer 4

Ratio of fuel burnt per hour to thrust produced in lbs

Answer 5

``` Better SFC Reduced Noise Smaller engine Reduced contamination Larger airmass flow ```

Answer 6

Better SFC, Reduced Weight, increased thrust, Less Noise Pioneered by Rolls Royce

Answer 7

The fan engine is flat rated to give it the widest possible range of operation, keeping within its defined structural limits, especially in dense air.

Answer 8

Best SFC - as alt increases at constant Mach No. EAS decreases and therefore drag decreases, so thrust required decreases. Due to decrease in density SFC reduces for optimal mixing of airflow Engines operate at optimum efficiency at high 90-95% N1 - High RPM

Answer 9

High Altitude low density start Hot temperature low density start Inefficient compression - Damaged blades Low starter RPMs

Answer 10

Tailwind Start Over fueling combustion chamber Blocked intake/exhaust result of Hung, Wet start

Answer 11

Yes, a reduced-thrust takeoff can be used even when an aircraft is at its maximum takeoff structural weight, providing the TOR/D is not limiting. This is so because you can trade momentum gained from a longer TOR/D to achieve the V1 and VR speeds at the performance-limiting conditions for a lower thrust setting

Answer 12

Reduce Engine Noise, Increase engine life

Answer 13

1. So that the pilot is not chasing rpm needles on the takeoff roll. 2. To ensure an adequate aircraft acceleration so that the performance-calculated V1 and VR speeds are achieved by the takeoff run required (TORR) rotate point for the given aircraft weight and ambient conditions.

Answer 14

``` Momentum Speed stability - Drag curve Swept wing - less lift Poor acceleration response at low rpm No Slipstream no Prop Drag ```

Answer 15

``` 1nm= 1 minute 60minutes = 1 degree ```

Answer 16

An INS is an onboard self-contained inertia navigation system that can provide continuous information on an aircraft’s position without any external assistance. An IRS (inertia reference system) is a modern INS that usually has a greater integration into the flight management system (FMS), and provides the aircraft’s actual magnetic position and heading information with reference to the FMS required position and heading. The directional acceleration information provided from the INS’s accelerometers and gyroscopes is calculated by the position computer that determines the aircraft’s present latitude and longitude position,

Answer 17

1. Accelerometers 2. Gyroscopes 3. Position computer The aircraft moves in three dimensions, but the navigation equipment is only interested in acceleration in the horizontal plane. Therefore, the key to the whole INS arrangement is the accelerometers.

Answer 18

Bounded Errors - Errors than do not increase in time Schuler Loop - Acceleration error, distance error Incorrect alignment with true north - bounded velocity erros Unbounded Errors - Errors that increase over time Not make allowance that earth is not a perfect sphere Initial position errors True north error System does not account for distance between to points at different heights

Answer 19

Global Positioning System (GPS) signals are received at a ground installation, which has been surveyed accurately. The ground installation then computes the differences between the known position and the position at which the GPS says it is (known as differential position error). It then sends a differential correction factor to any aircraft within 70 nautical miles using an aircraft communications and reporting system (ACARS) link that enables the aircraft’s onboard GPS navigation computer to correct its own normal GPS-derived position into a refined differential GPS position that is accurate to within 1 to 3 m. Therefore, differential GPS has the potential accuracy to be suitable for precision landing approaches,

Answer 20

Only true self contained on board system, less prone to errors and external factors

Answer 21

Future Air Navigation Systems - All systems which improve air navigation. (GPS/INS ect ect)

Answer 22

Area navigation - VOR/VOR DME/DME to plot track and position

Answer 23

Operators can plot there own routing's and pilots are responsible for air traffic avoidance by the use of TCAS, allows more direct routing

Answer 24

3-30 VLF | LF

Answer 25

FM reference-phase signal, which is omnidirectional, i.e., the same in all directions, and (2) an AM variable-phase signal, which has its phase varying at a constant rate, thus creating unique signals for each of the 360 radials. These VOR tracks or position lines are called radials;

Answer 26

Propagation error - scalloping Site Error Equipment Error

Answer 27

0. 0295 | 33. 89

Answer 28

1. Instrument error 2. Pressure error 3. Density error 4. Compressibility error 5. Maneuver error 6. Blocked pitot static system

Answer 29

Modern aircraft feed their static and pitot lines into an air data computer (ADC) that calculates the RAS, TAS, MN, TAT, ROC, and ROD and then passes the relevant information electronically to the servo-driven flight instruments 1. Autopilot (AP) 2. Flight director system (FDS) 3. Flight management system (FMS) 4. Ground proximity warning system (GPWS) 5. Navigation aids 6. Instrument comparison systems

Answer 30

Traffic (Alert) Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) provides traffic information and maneuver advice between aircraft if their flight paths are conflicting with each other. TCAS uses the aircraft’s secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponders and is completely independent of any ground-based radar units. TCAS I is an early system that provides traffic information only. TCAS II is a later system that provides additional maneuver advice but in the main is restricted to vertical separation.

Answer 31

An aircraft’s traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) will interrogate the secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponders of nearby aircraft to plot their positions and relative velocities.

Answer 32

1. In dense traffic area (limited to TA use) 2. Descent recommendations inhibited below 1000 ft 3. All RAs inhibited below 500 ft (Note: All TAs also restricted below 400 ft)

Answer 33

Terrain mapping - Predictive terrain closure Probable windshear aural and visual warnings also can be generated to warn of an impending possibility of encountering windshear ahead.

Answer 34

1. Barometric altitude for rate of descent (ROD) calculations 2. Radio altimeter 3. Flap position 4. Gear position 5. Instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope 6. Approach minima 7. Throttle position

Answer 35

Mode 1. Excessive barometric rate of descent Mode 2. Terrain closure Mode 3. Sinking flight path after takeoff or go-around Mode 4. Gear and flap not selected Mode 5. Instrument landing system (ILS) glide slope deviation Mode 6. Approach minimas Windshear warning is sometimes classed as a GPWS mode because it uses the GPWS flight crew visual and aural warning system. However, strictly speaking, it is not a ground proximity warning but a separate system.

Answer 36

Highest - 1,2,3,4 - WHOOP WHOOP PULL UP | Lowest - 5

Answer 37

Modern aircraft are provided with windshear warnings by using air data computer–detected changes in airspeed to calculate the presence of a windshear phenomenon, which it feeds to the ground proximity warning system (GPWS), which generates a “Windshear, windshear” aural and visual display on the main attitude directional indicator (ADI) flight instrument. up to 1500ft AGL A windshear warning requires an immediate go-around at full thrust and maximum flight director pitch-up attitude to avoid ground contact.

Answer 38

1. WIndshear 2. GPWS 3. TCAS

Answer 39

Manages aircraft performance and navigation to achieve the most optimal flight possible

Answer 40

Pilot Inputs Stored database Information from aircraft systems

Answer 41

Tyre turns around wheel eventually ripping out the valve and leading to a blow out

Answer 42

1. Outside air temperature 2. Aircraft weight 3. Taxi time 4. Amount of braking

Answer 43

1. Aircraft takeoff weight 2. Pressure altitude 3. Outside air temperature (OAT) 4. Runway slope 5. Tail/headwind 6. Taxi times

Answer 44

Sea level oxygen pressure It is not practical to keep the aircraft at the atmosphere’s sea-level pressure of 14.7 psi, but it is practical to increase the percentage volume of oxygen, thereby maintaining sea-level oxygen partial pressure.

Answer 45

Bromo-chlorodi-fluoro-methane

Answer 46

50ft/35ft - Jet is lower due to the fact that the CL is lower on a swept wing jet aircraft

Answer 47

Field length limiting (ASDR) - V1 reduce | Field length unlimited - V1 Increase

Answer 48

V2 (TOSS) speed is the takeoff safety speed achieved by the screen height in the event of an engine failure that maintains adequate directional control and climb performance properties of the aircraft. V2= 1.1 x Vmca or 1.2 x Vs

Answer 49

The cruise climb profile is a compromise between the best en route speed profile and the best climb profile—most commonly used by commercial traffic. It provides faster en route performance, a more comfortable aircraft attitude, better aircraft control due to lower angle of attack, and greater airflow over the control surfaces.

Answer 50

Turbulent air penetration speed

Answer 51

Max flight diving speed (certification trials)

Answer 52

The absolute ceiling is an aircraft’s maximum attainable altitude/flight level at which the Mach number buffet and prestall buffet occur coincidentally.

Answer 53

The maximum service ceiling is an aircraft’s’ imposed en route maximum operating altitude/flight level, which provides a safety margin below its absolute ceiling.

Answer 54

Maximum-range cruise. This is the speed at which, for a given weight and altitude, the maximum fuel mileage is obtained. It is difficult to establish and maintain stable cruise conditions at maximum-range speeds.

Answer 55

This is a speed significantly higher than the maximum-range speed, i.e., 10 knots (M 0.01),this resuluts in a 1 percent mileage loss at a constant altitude. The long-range cruise schedule requires a gradual reduction in cruise speed as gross weight decreases with fuel burnoff.

Answer 56

A cost index (CI) is a performance management function that optimizes the aircraft’s speed for the minimum cost. CI = CT/CF kg/min or 100 lb/hour RATIO OF FLIGHT TIME/CONSUMPTION RATE TO FUEL COSTS

Answer 57

Increase speed - Increase range due to reduced time - Increased SFC which is outweighed by time saving LIGHT HEADWIND

Answer 58

A cruise (step) climb occurs when an aircraft in the cruise loses weight due to fuel burn, which allows the aircraft to fly higher; therefore, a cruise (step) climb is initiated to climb the aircraft to its new maximum altitude. Note: An aircraft

Answer 59

Point of equal time along a route

Answer 60

Restricted Landing Weight, i.e., the maximum landing weight for the runway length (LDA) and conditions. Engine-out overshoot performance, weight, altitude, temperature (WAT), runway length (LDA), and runway condition.

Answer 61

Latent heat is the heat energy, measured in calories, absorbed or released when water changes from one state to another.

Answer 62

Dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) is the adiabatic temperature change for unsaturated air as it rises. Unsaturated Saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR) is the adiabatic change in temperature for saturated air as it rises.

Answer 63

and relative humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor present in a parcel of air compared with the maximum amount it can support

Answer 64

1. Cirro, or high-level cloud: (cloud base > 16,500–20,000 ft 2. Alto, or medium-level cloud: cloud base > 6500 ft

Answer 65

Mist and fog are simply parcels of low-level air in contact with the ground that have small suspended water droplets that have the effect of reducing visibility.

Answer 66

Upper winds are determined by the thermal gradient. A difference in temperature between two columns of air will cause a pressure difference at height even if both columns of air have the same sea level pressure. This pressure difference creates a wind (parallel to the isobars) at altitudethat is different from the wind experienced at sea level, even if no wind was present at sea level. The vector sum of the isotherm thermal wind component and the surface and upper isobar pressure-driven geostrophic (or gradient) wind produces the direction and speed of the upper wind. In the northern hemisphere, the thermal gradient is generally north-south (north cold and south warm), and therefore, the upper winds generally are westerly in direction (i.e., from the west), with the highest wind speed where the thermal gradient is greatest, e.g., jetstreams.

Answer 67

Jetstreams are driven by thermal gradients and therefore are found wherever the thermal gradient is high enough. There are two bands of rapid temperature changes (i.e., high/maximum thermal gradient) in each hemisphere that are marked enough to produce a jetstream. They are 1. At the polar front around 60 degrees of latitude, where the polar air meets the subtropical air. This is a polar front jetstream, and is the most marked thermal gradient to be found, especially when it is over land in the winter. 2. At the intertropical front, where the subtropical air meets the tropical air. This is known as the intertropical front jetstream.

Answer 68

The maximum windshear/clear air turbulence (CAT) associated with a jetstream can be found level with or just above the jet core in the warm air but on the cold polar air side of the jet.

Answer 69

At the surface, the wind weakens in strength (speed) and backs in direction in the northern hemisphere (veers in direction in the southern hemisphere).

Answer 70

The microburst is a result of the downdrafts breaking out of the base of the cloud being colder than the surrounding air because it has only been warmed at the saturated adiabatic lapse rate (SALR) during the descent within the cloud. Therefore, since it is colder, it is also denser/heavier than the surrounding air, and thus it continues down to the surface, where it often can be felt as the first gust.

Answer 71

1. Active thunderstorms 2. Tropical revolving storms 3. Severe line squalls 4. Heavy rain 5. Severe turbulence 6. Severe airframe icing 7. Marked mountain waves 8. Widespread dust or sandstorms

Answer 72

Less than 30minutes

Answer 73

1. Aircraft performance is suitable for the airfield 2. Adequate emergency facilities are available at the aerodrome 3. Adequate aerodrome lighting facilities are available for night flights 4. A basic instrument approach is available for any expected instrument meteorologic conditions (IMC) 5. The aerodrome is open

Answer 74

1. Thrust lever close 2. Auto throttle disengage 3. Start lever switch off 4. Engine fire warning switch engage 5. Extinguish if necessary

Answer 75

Heavy - Heavy - 4nm Heavy - Medium - 5nm Medium - Light - 5nm Heavy - Light - 6nm