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Airlink Interview Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is an EAT

A

Expected approach time. The time you are expected to be overhead the IAF in order to commence the approach procedure

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2
Q

What is OCT

A

Onward clearance time, the time ATC expects you to leave an en route fix in order to position for the IAP (Normally within 10 minutes of your EAT)

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3
Q

IFR Alternate requirements

A

91.06.34 You may not nominate an aerodrome as an alternate unless it has a published letdown procedure if the aerodrome is expected to be in IMC conditions

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4
Q

Special VFR

A 
Take off/Landing
Within a control zone
Cloud base of 600ft
1500m visibility 
By day only
May not interfere with IFR traffic
By ATC approval only
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5
Q

VMU

A

Minimum unstick speed - Aircraft testing speed which is the minimum speed an aircraft will be able to rotate and climb out with all engines operational

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6
Q

Aquaplaning speed

A

9x square root of tire pressure for take off

7.6x square root of tire pressure for landing

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7
Q

3 types of hydroplanning

A

Dynamic - Deep standing water, where tire build a wedge up against the water and is lifted above the ground

Viscous - Thin layer of water that the tire cannot penetrate, normally on smooth surfaces with rubber deposits

Reverted Rubber - Occurs as a result of dynamic hydroplaning, heavy braking and a long skid. Tire heats due to friction and reverts to its original state, water boils and forms a pocket of steam which lifts the wheel off the ground, signs are long white streaks on runway

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8
Q

Effects of spanwise flow over a wing

A

reduced aileron efficiency
Increased wing tip vortices
Tip stalling

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9
Q

What is the purpose of a Mach Trimmer

A

To counteract the nose down pitching moment of Mach Tuck and increases the aircraft Mach Crit. It uses information from Mach meter and controls the angle of incidence of the Horizontal Stabilizer

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10
Q

What wing is most effected by dutch roll

A

Swept wing aircraft - Initial Yaw, upgoing wing is more exposed to airflow, greater lift and rolls. Increased drag causes a yaw in the opposite direction and therefore roll in opposite direction.

Oscillations in Yaw and Roll

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11
Q

What increases Dutch Roll

A

Wing Sweep
High Wing loading
High Altitude flight

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12
Q

What is propeller blade twist

A

Helix Angle, reason is the prop tips turn at a higher speed than the propeller root. By twisting the propeller you ensure a constant angle of attack throughout the blade

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13
Q

Describe maximum continues thrust

A

Maximum thrust which may be set for an indefinite period of time expressed as N1 or EPR

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14
Q

Where will you find a Microburst

A

Below well developed CB cloud and in the vicinity of thunderstoms

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15
Q

What is VMCG

A

Minimum control speed on the ground by use of aerodynamic control surfaces only (Rudder)
It is higher than VMCA
Increased with increased engine thrust and rearward C of G

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16
Q

What hazards to aviation does icing cause

A 
Increased weight
Reduced engine power
Blocking of vents (Pitot, static)
Degraded aerodymanic properties (Loss of lift)
Freezing of control surfaces
Degraded communication and navigation
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17
Q

What is the missed approach climb gradient

A

2.5%

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18
Q

MSA in ICAO and RSA

A

1000ft and 1500ft

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19
Q

What do you understand about an IRS

A

Internal Reference System
Independent navigation system
Makes use of accleromenters, gyros and a computer to plot great circle tracks

Accelerometers - Plot aircraft’s movement from parking bay
Gyro - Aligns to true north
Computer - Corrects for variation and errors

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20
Q

What is the Jeppesen definition of cloud ceiling

A

Lowest Layer of cloud covering more than half the sky below 20 000ft

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21
Q

Definition of LVP’s

A

Low Visibility Procedures

Procedures put in place by ATC to ensure safe traffic separation in the localizer sensitive area during low visibility operations

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22
Q

LVTO

A

Low visibility take off - Any take off conducted where the RVR is less than 400m

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23
Q

What is Mach No

A

Ratio of TAS compared to the LSS

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24
Q

GNSS Approach

A

Global Navigation Satellite System

A letdown procedure utilizing the GPS

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25
Explain Windshear in a Microburst
Initial up draft followed by an extreme down draft
26
Why do tropical cyclones not form on the Equator
No Coriolis effect
27
Wet and contaminated Runways
Wet - Shiny apperance to it, less than 3mm standing water | Contaminated - more than 3mm of standing water covering more than 25% of the runway, slush, snow or ice
28
What is an Approach Ban
A point at FAF where the approach must be abandoned if the RVR and cloud ceiling (Only for NPA) falls below minima You may continue beyond the FAF under the following conditions 1. Cloud base/RVR is variable on minima 2. It is a training flight and missed approach is pre planned 3. The weather drops below the minima once you have passed the FAF Where there is NO FAF indicated, Glideslope is intercepted for PA For NPA 1000ft AGL Jeppesen - Maltese Cross 91.07.2
29
FAF or Precision/Non Precision approaches
Final approach segment begins - Maltese cross/Glideslope intercept or within 5 degrees of the inbound were no FAF is indicated
30
Why is it important to Check Outer Marker Crossing height
Check for false glideslopes and that you have the correct QNH set
31
If Transmissiometer at TDZE is unservicable may you continue your appraoch
Yes, you can convert Visibility to RVR via the tables 91.07.4
32
What do you understand about WAT limtiation
Weight, altitude, temperature limitations which ensure you comply with 4 segment climb profile with one engine inoperative
33
Define VA,VLO,VSO
VA - Maneuvering speed - Maximum speed at which full scale control deflection is achieved without over stressing the aircraft VLO - Landing gear operating speed VSO - Basic stall speed in the landing configuration
34
What does established mean
5 degrees for an NDB | half scale on the localizer/VOR
35
Maximum RVR recorded
1500m
36
What is Mach Tuck
Nose down pitching moment caused by rearward movement of the C of P as the shockwave moves down over the upper surface of the wing
37
Balanced field
V1 is calculated that you ASDR is equal to your TODR
38
Advantages of Swept wing aircrafts
Higher Mach Crit | More lateral stability in turbulence - Due to reduced lift of swept wings
39
AIRMET
Recorded telephone message which provides FORECAST of weather for a particular area
40
SIGMET
Significant Meteorological Weather Report Valid 4 hours unless volcanic ash/TRS = 6 hours Thunderstorms Squall lines Severe Windshear/turbulance Severe Icing conditions Heavy Rain
41
What is a METAR
Meteorological Aerodrome Report releasing the actual weather at an aerodrome every 1 hour
42
What is a Speci
Aviation Select Special Weather Report (valid for the same period as a METAR)
43
TEMPO BECMG PROB
Temporary changes of less than 1 hour but longer than 30min Becoming indicated with a time frame Probability of weather indicated in a percentage up until 40%
44
Two types of Reverse Thrust
Bucket/Clamshell | Cascade
45
What happens to V1 on a wet runway
V1 may reduce in order to remain within limits of TORR
46
Explain FADEC
Full Authority Digital Engine Control Control engine start sequence and all aspects of engine parameters throughout flight allowing the engine to operate at its optimum efficiency Total FADEC failure = Engine Failure
47
ICAO Weight Categories
Light - 0 - 7000kg Medium - 7000 - 136000kg Heavy - above 136000kg
48
Lost Comm Procedure
IMC - Radar control area - Maintain last assigned flight level or lowest safe altitude for 7 minutes starting once 7600 is squawking, aircraft failed to report over compulsory point, last assigned level MSA/MORA is reached. Continue climb to planned level, route over head aerodrome and descent in hold, commence approach at closest time to EAT or ETA and land within 30 in of EAT. No Radar control - Maintain last assigned level for 20min VMC - Route to nearest suitable aerodrome, report arrival to ATC as soon as practical
49
Visual and VMC Apprpoach
Visual ``` ATC responsible for traffic separation 25nm of airfield passed known reporting point Ceiling above MSA Visual reference to terrain ``` VMC Requested by Pilot Responsible for own traffic separation Ensure approach is able to be flown in VMC conditions Prescribed by ATC
50
ICAO Holding speeds
14000ft - 230kts (170) 14000ft -20000ft - 240kts 20000ft - 34000ft -265kts
51
What is DA referenced to
Threshold elevation
52
Mayday and Pan call
Grave and eminent life theatening danger to safety of crew and passengers on board Commander has an urgent message to relay regarding the safety of the flight
53
How does anti skid system work
By sensing wheel rotation, when wheel rotation is to slow or stops, break pressure is reduced in order to prevent wheel lockup effectively increasing braking efficiency
54
Prevent Aquaplaning
Firm touchdown, aerodynamic breaking, anti skid braking, only apply brakes when all 3 wheel points are on the ground
55
The only 7 things you can be cleared for
``` Start Taxi Enter/cross active runway Take off Enter an airspace Approach Landing ```
56
Localiser Sterile area
Extends 150m either side of the centreline, extends from the localiser aerial to the beginning of the runway. No aircraft/vehicle may enter this area from the time an aircraft is on a 10nm final until the time it vacates the runway or until a departing aircraft has completed its take off run
57
What is an MEL
Minimum equipment list of an operator as approved by the state authority and the MMEL from the aircraft manufacturer which allows aircraft's to be dispatched with open snags under certain conditions and restrictions
58
What is a CDL
Configuration Deviation List - Same as a MEL put refers to the structure of the aircraft
59
Speeds for CTR and ATZ
``` below 10 000ft outside controlled airspace - 250kts Turbine - 200kts Piston - 160kts 50nm of beacon - 250kts 15nm of beacon - 210kts ```
60
En route holding times
14000ft - 4min and 984ft OCH
61
Classes of Airspace in SA
Class A - IFR only above 20 000ft Class C - IFR/VFR traffic and separation, controlled Class F - Advisory - IFR/VFR receive advisory traffic service Class G - Information service is provided in requested
62
Stages of a Thunderstorm
Developing - Growing CB, updrafts Mature - Heavy rainfall, large downdrafts, windshear, MB Dissipating - Exhausted local supply of moisture, light rain, Anvil
63
Microburst
``` 1-5min in length Severe downdrafts 5km in diameter associated with large well developed thunderstorms may not be associated with rain ```
64
What is a Jetstream
Narrow band of fast flowing air in the upper troposphere caused by large temperature gradient wind speed greater than 60kts to be classified JS 1500nm in length, 600nm wide, 12000ft deep 23000ft - 56000ft associated with CAT Polar Jet, Sub tropical Jet - Westerly Equatorial Jet - Light Easterly
65
What is a tropical cyclone
TRS - Typhoon - Indian ocean Hurricane in the Pacific Ocean Takes its energy from the latent heat in water 27 deg dissipates over land Backs in NH Veers in SH Deep low depression found along ITCZ 5-20 degrees North and South of Equator Requires large Coriolis force Fly right in NH, left in SH to take advantage of winds Strong winds and spiral arrangement of storms
66
Advantages of T Tail design
undisturbed airflow, reduced drag, increased lift, allows for tail mounted engines, more responsive pitch control
67
Disadvantages of T Tail design
Deep stall | increased weight
68
CANPA/CDFA
Constant angle non precision approach/ Constant descent final approach
69
Windshear
``` Rapid changes in wind direction and speed elevated runways vicinity of thunderstorms approach over water mountainous terrain ``` Approach techniques Predictive windshear mode, increase Vref, reduce flap setting to minimum required, listen for pilot reports, monitor indicated airspeed In event of go around do not make rapid configuration changes
70
Wake Turbulance
Created by wingtip vortices of large aircraft's at high angels of attack and low speed Take off - Rotate before point of rotation of aircraft Landing - stay above the glide path and land after touchdown point of aircraft Most severe at point of rotation of large aircraft where a light crosswind exists Radar Control separation - 5nm
71
Visaul signs of wake turbulance
plumbs of dust on either side of runway, rotary clouds
72
What can change wake turbulance delay times
Wind Direction and speed | Intersection take off
73
What do you do if tower tells you runway is contaminatd
Refer to aircraft performance graphs to ensure you are within the limits for landing distance available Calculate landing distance at 115% of available Aerodynamic and anti skid braking with firm touchdown brief on aquaplaning
74
Coffin Corner
Occurs at aircraft's absolute ceiling | Onset of the Mach buffet is equal to the lower end of the stall speed
75
Compressor Stall
Axial Velocity of airflow is low compared to the tangential velocity of the turbine blade Stall occurs, leads to pressure rise and reverse flow Reasons - Worn turbine blades, disturbed airflow at intake, excessive combustion chamber pressure, high altitude flight Pilot Response - Reduce Power, AOA, descent, increase airspeed
76
RVSM
Reduced vertical seperation minima by ICAO, allows 1000ft clearance between flight levels from FL290-F410
77
Water/Alcohol Injection
Boosting and cooling incoming by water vapour, methanol injection - increases air density and increases performance Disadvantages - quenching flame and leads to un burnt fuel out of exhaust and black smoke trail
78
CAVOK
Ceiling and visibility Ok ``` greater than 10km Ceiling above 5000ft or MSA NSW No thunderstorms (CB) withing 25mn of aerodrome ```
79
Deep/Superstall
Swept wing aircrafts with T tail design are most prone Wing tip stalls first, CP moves up the wing leading to a nose up pitching moment, aircraft stalls the tail plane is enveloped in disturbed airflow from the wing causing elevator control to be rendered uselss Prevent - Stick pushers and Shakers
80
Why do engines have auto ignition
In order to prevent engine flame out and protect against disturbed/turbulent airflow
81
TORA/TODA
TORA - usable runway | TODA - Usable runway + Stopway + Clearway
82
Circle to Land Minima ICAO
Cat A - 400ft 1500m Cat B - 500ft 1600m Cat C - 600ft 2400m Cat D - 700ft 3600m
83
ILS Minima
``` CAT 1 - 200ft 550m RVR 800m vis CAT 2 - 100ft 300m RVR CAT 3a - 0-100ft 200m RVR CAT 3b - 0-50ft 75m-200mm RVR CAT 3c - 0ft 0 RVR ```
84
RVR TDZE lighting out
Pilot assessment, you can count the runway center-line/edge lights and calculate RVR. If above applicable minima you may depart
85
How can one increase Mach Crit
Reduce Camber, thinner wing, sweepback, Mach Trimmer,
86
What is the difference between fog and mist
Fog - 1000m | Mist - 1000m-5000m
87
Localiser and glideslope range
Localizer - 35 degree's 17nm, 10 degrees 25nm | Glideslope - 8 degrees withing the localiser area
88
How many phases are in an approach
``` 5 Arrival Initial Intermediate Final Missed approach ```
89
What is the troposphere, its temperature and altitude
The top of the troposphere where the temperature becomes isothermal. ISA conditions 36090ft -56.5 degrees. Most of the worlds weather occurs in the troposphere. Warmer at poles than at the equator, greater isothermal layer at the poles At Equator - 56000ft At Poles - 30000ft
90
SID climb gradient
3.3% Gross, 2.5% net
91
Give 6 reasons for spoilers
Ailerons are limited in size and therefore effectiveness Sweep-back reduces aileron effectiveness Ailerons can lead to wing twist at high altitude, high speed flight Used as speed brakes to slow the aircraft down Used as lift dump devices on the ground Used to counteract adverse aileron yaw but applying drag to the down going wing
92
What is Q feel
Artificial feel system for fly by wire controls | calculated at 1/2r V squared
93
What is the helix angle
Angle between the resultant relative velocity and the blade rotation angle
94
MABH
Minimum break off height - aircrafts with large inertia, minimum height on an ILS where in the event of a missed approach procedure the wheels will not come in contact with the ground
95
You encounter red centreline lights? what does this mean?
last 300m of the active runway.... Threshold to 900m left - white 900-300m - alternating red and white 300m - red
96
ICAO wake turbulence separation
Light- heavy - 3min 6nm Medium-heavy - 2min 5nm Heavy-Heavy - 4nm Intersection take off add 1min
97
VMCL
VMCA in the landing config on approach, VMCL 2 is when 2 engines on the same side fail
98
Why is an engine flat rated
To give the widest possible operating range keeping within its defined structural limitations, especially in dense air. Guarantees a constant rate of thrust up until a certain temperature at which the engine can produce its maximum rated thrust
99
What does TCH mean
Threshold crossing height (50ft)
100
Difference between magenta and green grid mora
magenta above 10 000ft

Cathay (5 decks)

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