ATP- Short & Middle

Question 1

Explain what is a energy system?

Answer 1

A metabolic pathway to can resynthesise ATP
Different rates of work means different systems are used to match ATP supply to demand

Question 2

What is Phosphocreatine (PCr)?

Answer 2

High energy molecule split to resynthesise ATP
pH buffer
Initial glycolysis contributor
Negs. organic Pi accumulation effects Ca release from sarcoplasm

Question 3

When is lactate produced?

Answer 3

When anaerobic glycolysis plays an increasing role as intensity increases, lactate is produced as a by product

Question 4

What does ATP drive?

Answer 4

Small reactions
Can’t meet max power with only ATP

Question 5

Glycogenesis

Answer 5

Glucose > glycogen
Less ATP than aerobic metabolism but faster

Question 6

Glycogenolysis

Answer 6

Glycogen > glucose

Question 7

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 7

Substrate > glucose

Question 8

Glycolysis

Answer 8

glucose/glycogen > ATP
Metabolic pathway

Question 9

Anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 9

Glycogen + 3ADP > 2 lactate + 2H + 3ATP

Question 10

What is the equation for ATP hydrolysis

Answer 10

ATP > ADP + Pi + H

Question 11

What is the equation for ATP synthesis (anaerobic pathway)?

Answer 11

ATP + H2O > ADP + Pi + H + ‘free energy’

Question 12

What is Phosphoenolpyruvate used for?

Answer 12

Pyruvate kinase converts phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to Pyruvate which releases energy from ATP.
It also allows glucose to be converted to glycogen in gluconeogenesis.

Question 13

How is AMP produced?

Answer 13

Through the myokines reaction which involved no PCr
2ADP > ATP + AMP

Question 14

What is SGLT4?

Answer 14

Transports blood to the muscle
Triggered by insulin

Question 15

What is the role of PFK?

Answer 15

Rate limiting enzyme for glycolysis
Preserve ATP conc. in muscle
High ATP= PFK requires more fluctose-6-phosphate to reach max capacity
Low ATP= PFK activity is high and low fructose-6-phosphate (glycolysis speeds up from low ATP)

Question 16

Explain the role of lactate

Answer 16

Prevents too much pyruvate (which permits glycolysis)
Accepts 2H and removes from muscle as lactate acid
Bicarb. accepts free H and if not used immediately can stay in system until needed

Question 17

What systems are used during different time periods?

Answer 17

2s- ATP for max activity
>2s- PCr and glycogen contribute to ATP utilisation
>20s- PCr doesn’t contribute much
70s- Anaerobic glycolysis main contributor
>70s- aerobic system increasingly becomes main source