ATP- Long Flashcards
What is the limiting factor for steady state and what happens after?
Respiratory demand on O2
After, VO2max targets to help maintain effort in severe domain until 0 W/D prime
What makes fast runners?
More speed for same ATP
Faster that competitors
Specific muscles to aerobically generated ATP
Acquisition, transportation and delivery of O2 to cells
Conversion of ATP to muscle force
Explain where are lipid droplets found?
Physically adjacent to mitochondria, touching IMTG (inter muscular triglycerides)
Mitochondria will oxidise product of lipid
Easier to use fat during exercise
Endurance training allows higher storage on IMTG
What is the ATP link reaction?
Low ATP= CHO converted to pyruvate by aerobic glycolysis
Pyruvate enters mitochondria
Most pyruvate turns to acetyl CoA
How many ATP can glucose produce?
38 ATP
What does B-oxidation produce?
Acetyl CoA
How much ATP does palmitic acid produce?
131 ATP
What type of molecule is used when VO2 is the limiting factor?
Molecule with the most ATP per O2 due to a higher efficiency
Explain what the RQ and RER is
RQ is the ratio of O2 used and CO2 produced in cells
REE is the ratio of O2 uptake and CO2 produced from expired air
Both values similar at rest and light but different at high due to lactic acid being made which causes more CO2 production ad H is buffered by bicarb., extra Co2 exhaled.
Explain the role of PDH
An enzyme that takes H from pyruvate and converts it to Acetyl CoA in a link reaction
Activated by PDH phosphate and deactivated by PDH kinase
Explain the events of the on/off switch in PDH
- Muscle contracts
- Ca released
- Triggers PDH phosphate
- Acetyl CoA produced
- High acetyl CoA OR low Ca
- PDH kinase turns off PDH
Explain the 8 events in the ETC
- H removed from metabolites by dehydrogenation
- H collected by HAD and FAD to go to ETC
- H then actively pumped into inner mitochondrial membrane through the cristae (folds)
- H accumulate in between outer and inner mitochondrial membrane
- High H conc. in cristae makes potential energy from concentration gradient to re-enter through ATP synthase in membrane
- Drive for H back to centre of mitochondria
- H flows does gradient to re-enter through ATP synthase in membrane
- This creates enough energy for ADP and inorganic Pi to make ATP.
Explain the production on lactate
- ATP demand exceeds supply from TCA and ETC
- Muscle fibres have low O2 uptake capacity
- Lactate leaks into blood
- Lactate reaches the lactate turning point which is the respiratory compensation point
- Not all removed from blood via liver to be converted to lactate
- continues unless lower domain
Explain the role of beetroot juice
It contains nitric oxide which contains nitrate. The nitrate is useful for muscles.
Replaces the need for O2 at the end of the ETC so less O2 is needed which makes the muscle more efficient.
Increased time to task failure on VO2 max test.
Although low effect in high level athletes
What triggers the release of lactate?
Low O2 supply and pyruvate is converted to lactate to sweep up 2H but allows glucose breakdown.
