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Pharmacology > ATP EXAM > Flashcards

ATP EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of an instrument

A

Tips, Blades/jaw, Box lock, Shanks, Ratchet, Rings

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2
Q

Atraumatic

A

Atraumatic- designed to minimize tissue damage

Prevents damage or injury to site

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3
Q

Traumatic

A

Related to or causes damage to tissues or site

causes damage or injury to site

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4
Q

Towel Clamps

A

Jones cross action Towel forceps

Backhaus towel forceps

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5
Q

Towel clamp funtions

A

to secure the drapes to the patients skin by means of a small puncher
sharp 2 pointed tips that join and grip

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6
Q

scalpel handle and blades

A

size 3 or 4 scalpel handles
blades #10 #11 #15 #20 #22
routine castration and spey #15
cat bite abcess #11

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7
Q

Scalpel function

A

scalpel handkle holds surgical blades firmly in place
sides is embossed on the handle
scalpel blades make incisions, cut tissue and debrides tissue
size 3 handle holds #10, #11, #15 blades
size 4 handle holds #20, #22
vet preference and procedure dependant

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8
Q

needle holders

A

Mayo-heger needle holders - no scissors

Olsen - Heger needle holder - scissors included

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9
Q

needle holders function

A

to drive surture needsle through tissue that requires suturing and to assist on tying sutures
holds the suturing needle in place
jaws can be textures grove or carbide inserts to aid with grip
Olsen-heger have scissor blades to cut suture material

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10
Q

surgical scissors - blunt/blunt

A

blunt/bkunt
Mayo - for bulky connective tissues
Traumatic

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11
Q

surgical scissors function

A 
used to cut and dissect through tissue
straight curved smooth or serrated, many different lengths 
Metz longer shanks finer blades
Mayo- shorter and wider blades
only used for delicate tissue
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12
Q

Operating scissors

A

blunt/blunt blunt/sharp, sharp/sharp

traumatic

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13
Q

operating scissors functions

A

Use to cut suture material or other inanimate materials
many different lengths, straight, curved
blunt/blunt tip ends are rounded
blunt/sharp one tip is rounded other is a sharp point
sharp/sharp both tips are sharp points
will become dull quickly - sharpened regularly

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14
Q

Tissue forceps - smooth/rat

A

Rat tooth - traumatic
Adson forceps - smooth tissue/atraumatic
Debaky - smooth tissue/ atraumatic

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15
Q

Function tissue forceps

A

RAT- to grasp skin and dense tissues to place sutures-never on delicate tissue
SMOOTH-pick up hold and move delicate tissue
nicknamed thu,mb forceps
various sizes atraumatic-traumatic versions

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16
Q

Allis Tissue forceps function

A

Holds with maximal power, but causes tissue trauma
aids to hold connective tissue
can be used as a retractor
small teeth in the jaws and ratchet strength

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17
Q

Hartmann Aliogator Forceps

A

Useful for small foreign bodies in the ears or paws e.g. grass seeds
removing hardened ear wax
shaft length varies short as 8cm for small animals and 1m for large animals

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18
Q

Spey Hook

A

used for bitch speys

Atraumatic

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19
Q

Function spey hook

A

easy grip handle
rounded hook to prevent trauma
use to hook uterine hirn of the uterus
different length hooks for depth of cavity

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20
Q

Haemostats

A

Mosquito forceps - smallest
crile - medium (small uterine horns or vessels)
kelly - Larger (small to medium vessels/horns)
Carmalt - large tissue bundles - prevents blood flow

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21
Q

Haemostats function

A

Grasp blood vessels or clamp hold tissue or vessel
occulade blood vessels by crushing
grooves can run lengthwise, crosswise or both
Mosquito/crile/kelly all allow small amount of blood flow
Carmalt prevents all bloodflow
many different sizes, curved or straight
vets may refer to use these as artery forceps

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22
Q

Ferguson Angiotribe Haemostat

A

ferguson angiotribe Haemostat

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23
Q

Ferguson Angiotribe function

A

to crush powerfully and to create a fold in the tissues
used for uterine horns and spermatic cords
prevents all blood flow
creates and indent for the ligature to be placed in a bloodless field
different lengths, curved or straight

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24
Q

Surgical needles

A

Triangle, cutting = traumatic

Round bodied - smooth = atraumatic

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25
Q

why is it recommended to fast animals prior to them undergoing anaesthesia

A

Reduces the risk of vomiting, to prevent the chance of regurgitation

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26
Q

when should you remove an ET tube on extubation

A

Dog: when the swallow or cough can show that they have regained the motion of swallowing

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27
Q

remove ET tube for cat

A

blinking, ear flicking, pedal or palpebral reflex

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28
Q

removing ET tube brachycephalic

A

sitting sternal/alert swallowing, coughing and leaving it for as long as possible

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29
Q

what is a sign of pain-postoperative patient may show

A 
vocalisation
High HR And RR
Lip licking
restlessness 
aggressive
cats will hide
and they will look they are frowning and whiskers are tense
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30
Q

why should you not clean ET tubes with chlorhexidine

A

will cause irritation to throat and MM And cats are allergic to it

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31
Q

Anaesthesia

A

Loss of sensation

32
Q

General Anaesthesia

A

Loss of consciousness and sensation

33
Q

common reason for elevated HR During anaesthesia

A

Pain, Blood loss, certain drugs, changes in the depth of anaesthesia

34
Q

elvated RR During Anaesthesia

A

Pain, anaesthetic depth is inadequate

35
Q

elevated BP During Anaesthesia

A

pain, drugs that can elevate BP Or a reactiion, anaesthetic depth

36
Q

ETC02

A

End tidal carbon dioxide

37
Q

SP02

A

Blood oxygen saturation levels

38
Q

one method that will prevent hypothermia during surgery

A

blankets, bubble wrap, socks, heat pads, hot dog warmer,

39
Q

What temperature should you rinse surgical instruments

A

use tepid luke warm water

40
Q

what type of water should surgical instruments be rinsed with

A

distilled water

41
Q

What does analgesia mean

A

pain relief

42
Q

what does hyper mean

A

High

43
Q

Hypo

A

Low

44
Q

Tachy

A

Fast

45
Q

Brachy

A

Slow

46
Q

What is the difference between sedation and general anaesthesia

A

Sedation - concious, can react to surroundings, can feel pain hae sensation, blinking reflex, no ET Tube/circuit
General Anaesthetic- unconcious, needs secure airway/circuit, no response to surroundings, Need airway circuit no blinking reflex

47
Q

why do we provide Iso flurane gas to patients

A

to keep them asleep and can provide oxygen at the same time

48
Q

why do we provide fluids to surgical patients

A

contains electrolytes and minerals, provides hydration, Povides fluid into the vessel so it Helps level out BP

49
Q

What are ASA scores

A

Scores on how healthy the vet or nurse feels the animal is for surgery, risk assessment to see how risky it is going under anaesthesia.

50
Q

what causes HR, RR, Temp and BP to increase or decrease during surgery

A

Increase: pain, infection, allergies soda lime expired, stressed patient could be too warm
Decrease: Blood loss, vasodilation, too deep with anaesthesia

51
Q

Can animals feel pain when they are under general or sedation

A

GA - NO the cannot as they are put too sleep , and sedation Yes, as they are still awake

52
Q

How can pain be pre empted prior to surgery

A

pre medications and opoids- safer medications

53
Q

What negative consequences can occur if pain isnt managed

A

slower recovery, aggression, surgery could take longer, wind up phenomenen

54
Q

what are common pain signs in dogs

A

Whining

55
Q

what are common pain in cats

A

eye position, hiding, vocalisation

56
Q

normal parameters under anaesthetic hr

A

cat - 120-160bpm

Dog - 60-120bpm

57
Q

Normal RR under anaesthetic

A

Cat - 12-24

Dog- 8-16

58
Q

Systolic BP

A

90-140mmHg

59
Q

MAP Bp

A

60-90

60
Q

Diastolic BP

A

70-90

61
Q

Temp

A

Cat 37- 39.5

Dog 36.5- 39

62
Q

How can you tell if the patient is at an appopriate anaesthetic deoth

A

Loose jaw tone, no blinking, downward eye position, no preamble reflex.

63
Q

Why is asepsis important to the patient

A

to prevent infection

64
Q

How can you prevent patient infection

A

PPE, Clip and scrub patient, aseptic techniques lint free bedding

65
Q

What are the 5 different contamination routes that can cause infection in the patient

A

Equipment, surfaces, patient, surgical, endo/exco

66
Q

How can instruments be safely sterilised

A

Autoclave, steam, gas, gamma

67
Q

What are some common faults that can occur in instruments

A

Misalignment, rust, cracks, blunt, pitting

68
Q

What types of products can be used to maintain integrity of instruments between use

A

Surgi-slip

lubrication, surgi-stain, instrument milk

69
Q

Can you outline complete cleaning and maintenance

A

Put on PPE, using a toothbrush or scrub bush and tepid water make sure all debris or irganic matter is off while

70
Q

Drug Calculations

A

BW x Dose rate /concentration = mls
surgical fluid rates BWx3ml cat
BWx5ml dog

71
Q

ketamine

A

Dissociative anaesthetic. makes animal dysphoric loose reactiveness and response. effects can be seizures

72
Q

Ace

A

Sedative/tranquiliser. effect on animal slow wobbly, sleepy sedated and lowers HR BP. Effects can be low BP

73
Q

Morphine/Methadone

A

Pain relief tricks the brain. Relief of pain some sedative effect. Dilated pupils V+ drooling nausea.

74
Q

Meloxicam

A

Anti inflammatory/pain relief. helps animal with pain and any inflammation. GI upset, v+ ulcers not eating

75
Q

Isoflurane

A

G/A Gas, Loss of conciousness, can cause low HR, RR, BP. Low temp and memory loss.

76
Q

if an animal did not receive pre medication how can that affect the general anaesthesia

A

more gas and drugs need to be used, rocky anaesthetic. animal could go down fighting which means they wake up fighting

Pharmacology (5 decks)

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