ATP EXAM Flashcards
Parts of an instrument
Tips, Blades/jaw, Box lock, Shanks, Ratchet, Rings
Atraumatic
Atraumatic- designed to minimize tissue damage
Prevents damage or injury to site
Traumatic
Related to or causes damage to tissues or site
causes damage or injury to site
Towel Clamps
Jones cross action Towel forceps
Backhaus towel forceps
Towel clamp funtions
to secure the drapes to the patients skin by means of a small puncher
sharp 2 pointed tips that join and grip
scalpel handle and blades
size 3 or 4 scalpel handles
blades #10 #11 #15 #20 #22
routine castration and spey #15
cat bite abcess #11
Scalpel function
scalpel handkle holds surgical blades firmly in place
sides is embossed on the handle
scalpel blades make incisions, cut tissue and debrides tissue
size 3 handle holds #10, #11, #15 blades
size 4 handle holds #20, #22
vet preference and procedure dependant
needle holders
Mayo-heger needle holders - no scissors
Olsen - Heger needle holder - scissors included
needle holders function
to drive surture needsle through tissue that requires suturing and to assist on tying sutures
holds the suturing needle in place
jaws can be textures grove or carbide inserts to aid with grip
Olsen-heger have scissor blades to cut suture material
surgical scissors - blunt/blunt
blunt/bkunt
Mayo - for bulky connective tissues
Traumatic
surgical scissors function
used to cut and dissect through tissue straight curved smooth or serrated, many different lengths Metz longer shanks finer blades Mayo- shorter and wider blades only used for delicate tissue
Operating scissors
blunt/blunt blunt/sharp, sharp/sharp
traumatic
operating scissors functions
Use to cut suture material or other inanimate materials
many different lengths, straight, curved
blunt/blunt tip ends are rounded
blunt/sharp one tip is rounded other is a sharp point
sharp/sharp both tips are sharp points
will become dull quickly - sharpened regularly
Tissue forceps - smooth/rat
Rat tooth - traumatic
Adson forceps - smooth tissue/atraumatic
Debaky - smooth tissue/ atraumatic
Function tissue forceps
RAT- to grasp skin and dense tissues to place sutures-never on delicate tissue
SMOOTH-pick up hold and move delicate tissue
nicknamed thu,mb forceps
various sizes atraumatic-traumatic versions
Allis Tissue forceps function
Holds with maximal power, but causes tissue trauma
aids to hold connective tissue
can be used as a retractor
small teeth in the jaws and ratchet strength
Hartmann Aliogator Forceps
Useful for small foreign bodies in the ears or paws e.g. grass seeds
removing hardened ear wax
shaft length varies short as 8cm for small animals and 1m for large animals
Spey Hook
used for bitch speys
Atraumatic
Function spey hook
easy grip handle
rounded hook to prevent trauma
use to hook uterine hirn of the uterus
different length hooks for depth of cavity
Haemostats
Mosquito forceps - smallest
crile - medium (small uterine horns or vessels)
kelly - Larger (small to medium vessels/horns)
Carmalt - large tissue bundles - prevents blood flow
Haemostats function
Grasp blood vessels or clamp hold tissue or vessel
occulade blood vessels by crushing
grooves can run lengthwise, crosswise or both
Mosquito/crile/kelly all allow small amount of blood flow
Carmalt prevents all bloodflow
many different sizes, curved or straight
vets may refer to use these as artery forceps
Ferguson Angiotribe Haemostat
ferguson angiotribe Haemostat
Ferguson Angiotribe function
to crush powerfully and to create a fold in the tissues
used for uterine horns and spermatic cords
prevents all blood flow
creates and indent for the ligature to be placed in a bloodless field
different lengths, curved or straight
Surgical needles
Triangle, cutting = traumatic
Round bodied - smooth = atraumatic
why is it recommended to fast animals prior to them undergoing anaesthesia
Reduces the risk of vomiting, to prevent the chance of regurgitation
when should you remove an ET tube on extubation
Dog: when the swallow or cough can show that they have regained the motion of swallowing
remove ET tube for cat
blinking, ear flicking, pedal or palpebral reflex
removing ET tube brachycephalic
sitting sternal/alert swallowing, coughing and leaving it for as long as possible
what is a sign of pain-postoperative patient may show
vocalisation High HR And RR Lip licking restlessness aggressive cats will hide and they will look they are frowning and whiskers are tense
why should you not clean ET tubes with chlorhexidine
will cause irritation to throat and MM And cats are allergic to it
Anaesthesia
Loss of sensation
General Anaesthesia
Loss of consciousness and sensation
common reason for elevated HR During anaesthesia
Pain, Blood loss, certain drugs, changes in the depth of anaesthesia
elvated RR During Anaesthesia
Pain, anaesthetic depth is inadequate
elevated BP During Anaesthesia
pain, drugs that can elevate BP Or a reactiion, anaesthetic depth
ETC02
End tidal carbon dioxide
SP02
Blood oxygen saturation levels
one method that will prevent hypothermia during surgery
blankets, bubble wrap, socks, heat pads, hot dog warmer,
What temperature should you rinse surgical instruments
use tepid luke warm water
what type of water should surgical instruments be rinsed with
distilled water
What does analgesia mean
pain relief
what does hyper mean
High
Hypo
Low
Tachy
Fast
Brachy
Slow
What is the difference between sedation and general anaesthesia
Sedation - concious, can react to surroundings, can feel pain hae sensation, blinking reflex, no ET Tube/circuit
General Anaesthetic- unconcious, needs secure airway/circuit, no response to surroundings, Need airway circuit no blinking reflex
why do we provide Iso flurane gas to patients
to keep them asleep and can provide oxygen at the same time
why do we provide fluids to surgical patients
contains electrolytes and minerals, provides hydration, Povides fluid into the vessel so it Helps level out BP
What are ASA scores
Scores on how healthy the vet or nurse feels the animal is for surgery, risk assessment to see how risky it is going under anaesthesia.
what causes HR, RR, Temp and BP to increase or decrease during surgery
Increase: pain, infection, allergies soda lime expired, stressed patient could be too warm
Decrease: Blood loss, vasodilation, too deep with anaesthesia
Can animals feel pain when they are under general or sedation
GA - NO the cannot as they are put too sleep , and sedation Yes, as they are still awake
How can pain be pre empted prior to surgery
pre medications and opoids- safer medications
What negative consequences can occur if pain isnt managed
slower recovery, aggression, surgery could take longer, wind up phenomenen
what are common pain signs in dogs
Whining
what are common pain in cats
eye position, hiding, vocalisation
normal parameters under anaesthetic hr
cat - 120-160bpm
Dog - 60-120bpm
Normal RR under anaesthetic
Cat - 12-24
Dog- 8-16
Systolic BP
90-140mmHg
MAP Bp
60-90
Diastolic BP
70-90
Temp
Cat 37- 39.5
Dog 36.5- 39
How can you tell if the patient is at an appopriate anaesthetic deoth
Loose jaw tone, no blinking, downward eye position, no preamble reflex.
Why is asepsis important to the patient
to prevent infection
How can you prevent patient infection
PPE, Clip and scrub patient, aseptic techniques lint free bedding
What are the 5 different contamination routes that can cause infection in the patient
Equipment, surfaces, patient, surgical, endo/exco
How can instruments be safely sterilised
Autoclave, steam, gas, gamma
What are some common faults that can occur in instruments
Misalignment, rust, cracks, blunt, pitting
What types of products can be used to maintain integrity of instruments between use
Surgi-slip
lubrication, surgi-stain, instrument milk
Can you outline complete cleaning and maintenance
Put on PPE, using a toothbrush or scrub bush and tepid water make sure all debris or irganic matter is off while
Drug Calculations
BW x Dose rate /concentration = mls
surgical fluid rates BWx3ml cat
BWx5ml dog
ketamine
Dissociative anaesthetic. makes animal dysphoric loose reactiveness and response. effects can be seizures
Ace
Sedative/tranquiliser. effect on animal slow wobbly, sleepy sedated and lowers HR BP. Effects can be low BP
Morphine/Methadone
Pain relief tricks the brain. Relief of pain some sedative effect. Dilated pupils V+ drooling nausea.
Meloxicam
Anti inflammatory/pain relief. helps animal with pain and any inflammation. GI upset, v+ ulcers not eating
Isoflurane
G/A Gas, Loss of conciousness, can cause low HR, RR, BP. Low temp and memory loss.
if an animal did not receive pre medication how can that affect the general anaesthesia
more gas and drugs need to be used, rocky anaesthetic. animal could go down fighting which means they wake up fighting
