ATP EXAM Flashcards by Shannon Sentch

Parts of an instrument

Tips, Blades/jaw, Box lock, Shanks, Ratchet, Rings

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Atraumatic

Atraumatic- designed to minimize tissue damage

Prevents damage or injury to site

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Traumatic

Related to or causes damage to tissues or site

causes damage or injury to site

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Towel Clamps

Jones cross action Towel forceps

Backhaus towel forceps

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Towel clamp funtions

to secure the drapes to the patients skin by means of a small puncher
sharp 2 pointed tips that join and grip

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scalpel handle and blades

size 3 or 4 scalpel handles
blades #10 #11 #15 #20 #22
routine castration and spey #15
cat bite abcess #11

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Scalpel function

scalpel handkle holds surgical blades firmly in place
sides is embossed on the handle
scalpel blades make incisions, cut tissue and debrides tissue
size 3 handle holds #10, #11, #15 blades
size 4 handle holds #20, #22
vet preference and procedure dependant

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needle holders

Mayo-heger needle holders - no scissors

Olsen - Heger needle holder - scissors included

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needle holders function

to drive surture needsle through tissue that requires suturing and to assist on tying sutures
holds the suturing needle in place
jaws can be textures grove or carbide inserts to aid with grip
Olsen-heger have scissor blades to cut suture material

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surgical scissors - blunt/blunt

blunt/bkunt
Mayo - for bulky connective tissues
Traumatic

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surgical scissors function

used to cut and dissect through tissue
straight curved smooth or serrated, many different lengths 
Metz longer shanks finer blades
Mayo- shorter and wider blades
only used for delicate tissue

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Operating scissors

blunt/blunt blunt/sharp, sharp/sharp

traumatic

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operating scissors functions

Use to cut suture material or other inanimate materials
many different lengths, straight, curved
blunt/blunt tip ends are rounded
blunt/sharp one tip is rounded other is a sharp point
sharp/sharp both tips are sharp points
will become dull quickly - sharpened regularly

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Tissue forceps - smooth/rat

Rat tooth - traumatic
Adson forceps - smooth tissue/atraumatic
Debaky - smooth tissue/ atraumatic

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Function tissue forceps

RAT- to grasp skin and dense tissues to place sutures-never on delicate tissue
SMOOTH-pick up hold and move delicate tissue
nicknamed thu,mb forceps
various sizes atraumatic-traumatic versions

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Allis Tissue forceps function

Holds with maximal power, but causes tissue trauma
aids to hold connective tissue
can be used as a retractor
small teeth in the jaws and ratchet strength

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Hartmann Aliogator Forceps

Useful for small foreign bodies in the ears or paws e.g. grass seeds
removing hardened ear wax
shaft length varies short as 8cm for small animals and 1m for large animals

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Spey Hook

used for bitch speys

Atraumatic

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Function spey hook

easy grip handle
rounded hook to prevent trauma
use to hook uterine hirn of the uterus
different length hooks for depth of cavity

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Haemostats

Mosquito forceps - smallest
crile - medium (small uterine horns or vessels)
kelly - Larger (small to medium vessels/horns)
Carmalt - large tissue bundles - prevents blood flow

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Haemostats function

Grasp blood vessels or clamp hold tissue or vessel
occulade blood vessels by crushing
grooves can run lengthwise, crosswise or both
Mosquito/crile/kelly all allow small amount of blood flow
Carmalt prevents all bloodflow
many different sizes, curved or straight
vets may refer to use these as artery forceps

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Ferguson Angiotribe Haemostat

ferguson angiotribe Haemostat

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Ferguson Angiotribe function

to crush powerfully and to create a fold in the tissues
used for uterine horns and spermatic cords
prevents all blood flow
creates and indent for the ligature to be placed in a bloodless field
different lengths, curved or straight

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Surgical needles

Triangle, cutting = traumatic

Round bodied - smooth = atraumatic

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why is it recommended to fast animals prior to them undergoing anaesthesia

Reduces the risk of vomiting, to prevent the chance of regurgitation

when should you remove an ET tube on extubation

Dog: when the swallow or cough can show that they have regained the motion of swallowing

remove ET tube for cat

blinking, ear flicking, pedal or palpebral reflex

removing ET tube brachycephalic

sitting sternal/alert swallowing, coughing and leaving it for as long as possible

what is a sign of pain-postoperative patient may show

``` vocalisation High HR And RR Lip licking restlessness aggressive cats will hide and they will look they are frowning and whiskers are tense ```

why should you not clean ET tubes with chlorhexidine

will cause irritation to throat and MM And cats are allergic to it

Anaesthesia

Loss of sensation

General Anaesthesia

Loss of consciousness and sensation

common reason for elevated HR During anaesthesia

Pain, Blood loss, certain drugs, changes in the depth of anaesthesia

elvated RR During Anaesthesia

Pain, anaesthetic depth is inadequate

elevated BP During Anaesthesia

pain, drugs that can elevate BP Or a reactiion, anaesthetic depth

ETC02

End tidal carbon dioxide

SP02

Blood oxygen saturation levels

one method that will prevent hypothermia during surgery

blankets, bubble wrap, socks, heat pads, hot dog warmer,

What temperature should you rinse surgical instruments

use tepid luke warm water

what type of water should surgical instruments be rinsed with

distilled water

What does analgesia mean

pain relief

what does hyper mean

High

Hypo

Low

Tachy

Fast

Brachy

Slow

What is the difference between sedation and general anaesthesia

Sedation - concious, can react to surroundings, can feel pain hae sensation, blinking reflex, no ET Tube/circuit General Anaesthetic- unconcious, needs secure airway/circuit, no response to surroundings, Need airway circuit no blinking reflex

why do we provide Iso flurane gas to patients

to keep them asleep and can provide oxygen at the same time

why do we provide fluids to surgical patients

contains electrolytes and minerals, provides hydration, Povides fluid into the vessel so it Helps level out BP

What are ASA scores

Scores on how healthy the vet or nurse feels the animal is for surgery, risk assessment to see how risky it is going under anaesthesia.

what causes HR, RR, Temp and BP to increase or decrease during surgery

Increase: pain, infection, allergies soda lime expired, stressed patient could be too warm Decrease: Blood loss, vasodilation, too deep with anaesthesia

Can animals feel pain when they are under general or sedation

GA - NO the cannot as they are put too sleep , and sedation Yes, as they are still awake

How can pain be pre empted prior to surgery

pre medications and opoids- safer medications

What negative consequences can occur if pain isnt managed

slower recovery, aggression, surgery could take longer, wind up phenomenen

what are common pain signs in dogs

Whining

what are common pain in cats

eye position, hiding, vocalisation

normal parameters under anaesthetic hr

cat - 120-160bpm | Dog - 60-120bpm

Normal RR under anaesthetic

Cat - 12-24 | Dog- 8-16

Systolic BP

90-140mmHg

MAP Bp

60-90

Diastolic BP

70-90

Temp

Cat 37- 39.5 | Dog 36.5- 39

How can you tell if the patient is at an appopriate anaesthetic deoth

Loose jaw tone, no blinking, downward eye position, no preamble reflex.

Why is asepsis important to the patient

to prevent infection

How can you prevent patient infection

PPE, Clip and scrub patient, aseptic techniques lint free bedding

What are the 5 different contamination routes that can cause infection in the patient

Equipment, surfaces, patient, surgical, endo/exco

How can instruments be safely sterilised

Autoclave, steam, gas, gamma

What are some common faults that can occur in instruments

Misalignment, rust, cracks, blunt, pitting

What types of products can be used to maintain integrity of instruments between use

Surgi-slip | lubrication, surgi-stain, instrument milk

Can you outline complete cleaning and maintenance

Put on PPE, using a toothbrush or scrub bush and tepid water make sure all debris or irganic matter is off while

Drug Calculations

BW x Dose rate /concentration = mls surgical fluid rates BWx3ml cat BWx5ml dog

ketamine

Dissociative anaesthetic. makes animal dysphoric loose reactiveness and response. effects can be seizures

Ace

Sedative/tranquiliser. effect on animal slow wobbly, sleepy sedated and lowers HR BP. Effects can be low BP

Morphine/Methadone

Pain relief tricks the brain. Relief of pain some sedative effect. Dilated pupils V+ drooling nausea.

Meloxicam

Anti inflammatory/pain relief. helps animal with pain and any inflammation. GI upset, v+ ulcers not eating

Isoflurane

G/A Gas, Loss of conciousness, can cause low HR, RR, BP. Low temp and memory loss.

if an animal did not receive pre medication how can that affect the general anaesthesia

more gas and drugs need to be used, rocky anaesthetic. animal could go down fighting which means they wake up fighting