ATP Flashcards
Why do organisms need energy
Metabolism Movement Active transport Maintenance, repair and division of cell Production of substances Maintain body temperature
What is ATP
An energy transfer molecule
What is the structure of ATP
Bonds unstable and easily broken
Addition of water breaks bonds
Hydrolysis of bonds release energy
Why is ATP perfect
Small so easily moves around and can’t leave cell
Energy is released in quick single hydrolysis step
Small amount of energy released so not wasteful
Unstable (readily gives up phosphate) so immediate energy source
Name the stages of ATP production in order
Glycolysis
Link
Krebs cycle
ETC (electron transport chain)
How many ATPs are made from one molecule of glucose
38
What type of metabolic reaction is respiration
Catabolic
Where does glycolysis happen
Cytoplasm
Where does ATP production happen
Cytoplasm
Then mostly in the mitochondria specifically the matrix
Name the stages of glycolysis
Cytoplasm Anaerobic Energy investment of ATP Glucose is split Oxidation of glucose starts Net production 2 ATP End product = 2 pyruvate No water or carbon loss
What is substance level phosphorylation
Where the substrate gives the phosphate to ADP which becomes ATP
Occurs in glycolysis
What does the link stage start with
2 pyruvate with 3 carbons
What does the link stage end with
2C Acetyl coenzyme A
What happens during the link stage
Pyruvate active transported into matrix Pyruvate oxidised (hydrogen removed) Hydrogen accepted by NAD to form NADH 2 carbon molecule combines with coenzyme A = 2C Acetyl coenzyme A 2 CO2 formed from the 2 pyruvate
What happens to the 2 carbon fragment of pyruvate during the link stage
The 2 carbon fragment combines with coenzyme A to become 2C Acetyl coenzyme A
How many NADH is involved in gycolysis and what happens with them
2 NADH
NAD is oxidised state collects hydrogen from glucose and becomes reduced to NADH
How many ATP is made in the glycolysis stage
4
But used 2
So net production of 2
How many ATP are made in link stage
0
How many NADH are made in link stage
2
NAD collects hydrogen from pyruvate
Where does the Krebs cycle take place
In the matrix
Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur
In glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
What is made and lost by the end of the Krebs cycle
2 ATP made
4 CO2 lost
6 NADH made
2 FADH2 made
Explain how the amount of ATP is increased by reactions occurring inside the mitochondria
Oxidation of pyruvate Substrate level production of ATP NAD reduced to NADH Electrons fed into ETC inner membrane Linked to ATP production ATP synthase enzyme Electrons lose energy as they're passed along the chain
At the end of ETC how many ATP is made and where does the extra come from
34
Extra 4 when 2xs FADH makes 4 ATP
