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Chemistry > Atoms and Reactions > Flashcards

Atoms and Reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

what is empirical formula

A

simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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2
Q

what is molecular formula

A

number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule

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3
Q

what is structural formula

A

shows how atoms in a molecule are bonded together

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4
Q

what is displayed formula

A

molecule drawn out by showing all bonds

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5
Q

what does hydrated mean

A

contains water molecules (water of crystallisation) as part of the crystalline structure

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6
Q

what does anhydrous mean

A

contains no water of crystallisation

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7
Q

what is water of crystallisation

A

the water molecules contained within a crystalline structure

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8
Q

1 mol of particles…

A

contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12

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9
Q

the avogadro constant

A

the number of particles in 1 mol of a substance - 6.02x10^23

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10
Q

what is a mol

A

the amount of substance that contains the same number or particles as there are exactly in 12g of carbon 12

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11
Q

what is molar mass

A

the mass of one mol of a substance. gmol-1

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12
Q

what is molar gas volume

A

1 mol of any gas occupies the same volume at given temp and pressure - 24dm3 rtp, 22.4dm3 stp

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13
Q

what is atomic number

A

number of protons in an atom (also number of electrons)

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14
Q

what is mass number

A

number of protons + neutrons

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15
Q

what is an isotope

A

atom of the same element with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons and so different masses

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16
Q

what is relative isotopic mass

A

mass of an isotope compared with 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12

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17
Q

what is relative atomic mass Ar

A

weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared with 1/12 of the mass of carbon-12

18
Q

what is relative molecular mass mr

A

mass of a molecule compared with 1/12 of the mass of atom carbon-12

19
Q

what is relative formula mass

A

mass of a formula unit compared with 1/12 of the mass of atom carbon-12

20
Q

what is a mass spectrometer used for

A

to find the percentage of abundance of the isotopes present in a sample of an element

21
Q

what is vaporisation

A

the sample to be tested is turned to a gas

22
Q

reasons for not 100% yield

A
  • material lost during the reaction (when filtering distilling transferring)
  • reaction not going to completion
  • completing side reaction occurring alongside main reaction
23
Q

why do scientists convert as much of the raw materials into useful products

A
  • to increase profits
  • to preserve natural resources
  • to reduce waste and pollution
24
Q

what happens with increased pressure

A

lower volume as same number of particles pushed closer together

25
Q

what does increased temperature do

A

higher volume (same number of particles have more energy so moving faster - to keep pressure the same, volume must be greater so same number of collisions with walls of container)

26
Q

what is an acid

A

a proton donor and release H+ ions into solution

27
Q

what is a base

A

a proton acceptor

28
Q

what is an alkali

A

a soluble base

29
Q

what is a salt

A

a substance formed when H+ ions in an acid are replaced by metal ions or ammonium ions

30
Q

what do acids do

A

release H+ ions into aqueous solution

31
Q

what does a weak acid do

A

it only partially dissociates in solution

32
Q

what does a strong acid do

A

fully dissociates in solution

33
Q

what do bases do

A

neutralises an acid by reacting with H+ ions

34
Q

what do alkalis do

A

produce OH- ions in solution

35
Q

when do salt reactions happen

A

during a neutralisation reaction

36
Q

what is oxidation

A

loss of e- and an increase in ox number

37
Q

what is reduction

A

gain of electron and decrease in ox number

38
Q

what is an oxidising agent

A

an element compound that causes oxidation of another (accepts e- so are reduced)

39
Q

what is a reducing agent

A

an element or compound that causes reduction of another (lose e- so are oxidised)

40
Q

what are covalent bonds

A

the electrostatic attraction between the positive nuclei and a shared pair of electrons

41
Q

what is electronegativity

A

the ability of atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons in a bind (covalent) to itself

42
Q

what causes greater electronegativity

A

the higher the nuclear charge and closer the bonding electrons are to the nucleus

Chemistry (17 decks)

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