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Physics > Atomic structure and Radioactivity > Flashcards

Atomic structure and Radioactivity Flashcards

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1
Q

John Dalton

A

19th century
Atoms were solid sphere

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2
Q

JJ Thompson

A

19th century
PlumPudding model

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3
Q

Ernest Rutherford

A

1909
Geiger and Marsden alpha particle scattering experiment
alpha particles most had no effect taken on them implying they were mostly empty space
some path was diverted from the gold sheet showing they were postiviley charged
some completely bounced back showing they had mass concetrated at their center

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4
Q

Neils Bohr

A

~1911
Electrons reside in shells in the atom

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5
Q

James Chadwick

A

~1940
Neutrons in the nucleus

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6
Q

What is an isotope

A

An isotope is an element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. Same atomic number different mass number

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7
Q

What is an unstable isotope and what does it do

A

An isotope that cannot stay in its current atomic state
They decay and give out radiation

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8
Q

What is Alpha RADIATION and its emittion

A

Alpha particle is emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive nuclei

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9
Q

What is an alpha particle

A

A helium Nucleus

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10
Q

What does it mean if radiation is ionizing

A

It can knock electrons out of their orbit

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11
Q

Properties of alpha radiation

A

Cannot travel far in air
Stopped by skin and paper
Most ionizing

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12
Q

What is beta radiation and its emittion

A

Fast moving electron emitted from a neutron splitting into a proton and an electron

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13
Q

Properties of beta radiation

A

Travels a few cm in air
Goes through skin and paper, stopped by aluminium
Second most ionising

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14
Q

What is gamma radiation

A

When a gamma wave is emitted by nucleus getting rid of excess energy

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15
Q

Gamma radiation properties

A

Travels infinite in air
Goes through skin, paper, aluminum, stopped by lead and thick concrete
Least ionising

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16
Q

What is half life?

A

Time taken for number of radioactive nuclei to halve in a substance

17
Q

What is radioactive decay measured in

A

Bequerels (Bq) Bequerels is number decays per second

18
Q

What is irradiation

A

When things are placed near a radioactive source and it effects them

19
Q

How to stop irradiation when handling a source

A

Stand behind something lead line and/or use a robot arm to operate with it

20
Q

How to write an alpha particle decay equation

A

Radioactive nuclei goes to alpha particle plus other radioactive minus alpha particle

21
Q

What is contamination

A

Radioactive atoms get inside the object e.g radioactive particles getting inside the body

22
Q

How to stop contamination from humans

A

Wear protective equipment when handling radioactive nuclei

23
Q

ReasonS why Alpha radiation is the most dangerous inside the body

A

It is the most ionizing
It cannot penetrate skin to get out the body

24
Q

What happens in nuclear fission

A
  1. Large radioactive atoms split in half because they are unstable
  2. Huge amount of energy is released
  3. Neutrons are released and hit, split more atoms causing a chain reaction
  4. This evaporates water to steam which spins a turbine
25
Q

A negative of nuclear fission

A

A lot of radioactive waste which bstays around for 1000 years is produced

26
Q

How does nuclear fusion work

A
  1. Small light nuclei forced together under high pressure because nuclei are positively charged so repel, this is why we need high pressure and temperature
  2. Once these temperatures and pressure are enough the nuclei fuse into larger nuclei
  3. Huge amount of energy is released
27
Q

Positive and negative of nuclear fusion

A

No nuclear waste produced
Fusion isnt researched enough to produce electricity

28
Q

What is background radiation

A

Constant level of naturally occurring radiation all around us

Physics (8 decks)

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