Atomic Structure and Isotopes

Question 1

what two parts does the atom consist of

Answer 1

the nucleus and the electrons

Question 2

what does the nucleus consist of

Answer 2

protons and neutrons

Question 3

what are protons

Answer 3

positively charged particles

Question 4

what are neutrons

Answer 4

neutrally charged particles

Question 5

where are electrons found

Answer 5

in energy levels/orbitals

Question 6

what is the relative mass of a proton, neutron and electron

Answer 6

proton - 1
neutron -1
electron - 1/1840

Question 7

what is the relative charge of a proton, neutron and electron

Answer 7

proton +1
neutron 0
electron -1

Question 8

why is an atom neutral

Answer 8

it has the same number of protons and electrons

Question 9

what is the atomic number(Z)

Answer 9

number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 10

what is the mass number (A)

Answer 10

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Question 11

what is the most useful information to a chemist and why

Answer 11

the number of electrons, because the outer electron structure determines the chemical properties of an element

Question 12

periodicity

Answer 12

a property is repeated across each period

Question 13

what are all the 5 shells

Answer 13

1s
2s, 2p
3s, 3p, 3d
4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
5s, 5p, 5d, 5f

Question 14

what is the order of sub-shells

Answer 14

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s

Question 15

how do you find the group of an element using the electron configuration

Answer 15

count the electrons in the outer shell e.g. all the 3’s or 4’s

Question 16

how many orbitals does an s sub-shell have

Answer 16

1

Question 17

how many orbitals does a p sub-shell have

Answer 17

3

Question 18

how many orbitals does a d sub-shell have

Answer 18

5

Question 19

how many electrons can an s sub shell hold

Answer 19

2

Question 20

how many electrons can an p sub shell hold

Answer 20

6

Question 21

how many electrons can an d sub shell hold

Answer 21

10

Question 22

how many electrons can an f sub shell hold

Answer 22

14

Question 23

orbital

Answer 23

a region around the nucleus that electrons can occupy. It holds a maximum of 2 electrons with opposite spins

Question 24

what is the shape of an s orbital

Answer 24

spherical

Question 25

what is the shape of a p orbital

Answer 25

dumbell shaped

Question 26

define s/p block element

Answer 26

the highest energy electron in the atom is in an s/p orbital

Question 27

define d block element

Answer 27

the last electron in the atom goes into a d orbital

Question 28

what is special about the electron configurations of chromium and copper

Answer 28

a full sub-shell and half-filled sub-shell are stable configurations

Question 29

what do you do when a transition metal atom becomes a positively charged ion

Answer 29

lose the 4s electron first then the 3d electrons

Question 30

Isotope

Answer 30

different atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei

Question 31

why do isotopes of the same element have similar chemical reactivity

Answer 31

they have the same electronic structure/same electronic configuration

Question 32

why do isotopes of the same element have different physical properties

Answer 32

they have a different mass

Question 33

which isotope is more reactive, 35-Cl or 37-Cl

Answer 33

neither would be more reactive because they have the same electronic strucutre

Question 34

in what 2 ways are isotopes similar

Answer 34

same number of protons in their nuclei
the react in the same ways

Question 35

is atomic radius of 35-Cl larger than the atomic radius of 37-Cl

Answer 35

it is the same as each isotope has the same nuclear charge and same number of electrons

Question 36

relative atomic mass

Answer 36

the weighted average mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Question 37

why is the relative atomic mass of some element not a whole number

Answer 37

some element have different isotopes so their relative atomic masses are a mean value

Question 38

relative isotopic mass

Answer 38

the mass of an atom of the isotope relative to 1/12th the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Question 39

State two features of the current model that are not shown in the Rutherford model.

Answer 39

Current model includes: neutrons and protons

Current model shows electrons in different energy levels/orbitals

Question 40

State two differences between the ‘plum pudding’ model and the model of atomic structure used today.

Answer 40

(Central) nucleus contains protons and neutrons.

Electrons are now arranged in energy levels/shells/orbitals

Question 41

In terms of sub-atomic particles, state the difference between the three isotopes of magnesium.

Answer 41

They have different numbers of neutrons

Question 42

State how, if at all, the chemical properties of these isotopes differ. Give a reason for your answer.

Answer 42

No difference in chemical properties

Because all have the same electronic structure (configuration) OR they have the same number of outer electrons

Question 43

State 2 features of the current model that are not shown in the Rutherford model (2)

Answer 43

Current model includes neutrons AND protons
Current model shows electrons in different energy levels/orbitals