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Chemistry > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the properties of an acid?

A 
_ All acids contain Hydrogen
_ Turns blue litmus red
_ All acids are solutions
_ Strong acids completely ionize when dissolved in 
   water while weak ones only partially
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2
Q

What are the properties of a base?

A

_ All base is a metal oxide
_ Turns red litmus blue
_ An alkali is a soluble base, a metal hydroxide
_ All alkalis are solutions
_ All alkalis completely ionize when dissolved in water
while weak ones only partially

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3
Q

Acid + Metal = ?
Acid + Base = ?
Acid + Alkali = ?
Acid + Metal Carbonate = ?

A

Acid + Metal = Salt + Hydrogen
Acid + Base = Salt + Water
Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water
Acid + Metal Carbonate = Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide

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4
Q

Base + Acid = ?

Base + Ammonium Salt =?

A

Base + Acid = Salt + Water

Base + Ammonium Salt = Salt + Water + Ammonia

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5
Q

What is the meaning of Strong and Weak acids?

A

Strong acids are completely ionized in aqueous solutions (lots of H+ ions released)

Weak bases only partially ionize in aqueous solutions (fewer OH- ions released)

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6
Q

what color is methyl orange in acid and alkali?

A

Acid - Red

Alkali - Yellow

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7
Q

What do Acids Produce in an aqueous solution?

A

H+ Ions

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8
Q

What do bases produce in an aqueous solution?

A

OH- Ions

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9
Q

Describe acids and bases in terms of protons

A

H+ ions are protons
Acids are Proton Donors
Bases are Proton Acceptors

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10
Q

What is the difference between strong and weak bases?

A

Strong bases completely ionize in aqueous solutions (lots of OH- ions released)

Weak bases only partially ionize in aqueous solutions (fewer OH- ions released)

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11
Q

Why is it important to control the acidity in soil?

A

If the soil is too acidic, crops will be unable to grow

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12
Q

What are some amphoteric oxides

A
  • Aluminium oxide
  • lead(II) oxide
  • Zinc oxide
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13
Q

What are the physical properties of metals?

A 
_ Good conductor of heat and electricity
_ Shiny
_ Malleable
_ Sonorous
_ Ductile
_ Usually have high melting and boiling points
_ High density (Except group I)
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14
Q

What are the chemical properties of metals?

A

_ Usually form basic oxides (bases)
_ Form positive ions
_ React with acid to form salt and hydrogen
_ React with non-metals forming ionic bonds

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15
Q

Why are alloys used over metals?

A

Because they have properties of the metal used. So we can modify the properties by mixing it with other metals

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16
Q

What is the structure of alloys

A

Regular rows of positive ions (Cations) and is surrounded by delocalized mobile valence “sea of electrons”

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17
Q

Explain what happens in reduction and oxidation

A

Oxidation:

  • Gain of oxygen
  • Loss of Electrons
  • Loss of Hydrogen

Reduction:

  • Loss of Oxygen
  • Gain of Electrons
  • Gain of Hydrogen
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18
Q

what is a redox reaction?

A

A reaction where oxidation and reduction happens at the same time

19
Q

How can metals be extracted from their ore

A

Reduction with carbon: Only possible if the metal is less reactive than carbon

Electrolysis: Can be done with all metals but require a large amount of energy

20
Q

How can iron be extracted from its ore, hematite

A
  • Iron, coke, and limestone is added through the top
  • Hot air enters through the bottom and moves to the top
  • CO is formed by a reaction between Coke and Oxygen
  • CO reduces Iron oxide to Iron
  • CO gets oxidized to Carbon Dioxide
  • Molten iron pours out through the bottom
21
Q

Write a balanced equation for the reduction of iron

A

2Fe2O3 + 3C = 4Fe + 3CO2

22
Q

Why is limestone added and what are its reactions

A

Limestone (CaCO3) thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide, calcium oxide then reacts with the sand in hematite (Silicon oxide) to form Calcium silicate (slag). Slag is used to make roads and cement.

23
Q

How can iron be converted to steel

A

Iron contains 4% carbon impurities, Steel contains 1%. In order to remove the carbon impurities, oxygen is blown onto the molten iron. Oxygen reacts with excess carbon to form CO and CO2 which escape. Oxygen also reacts with the impurities in iron to form acidic oxides. These are removed using calcium oxide

24
Q

How do we extract zinc from zinc blende?

A

Zinc blend cannot be reduced by carbon, but zinc oxide can. So zinc blende is roasted in the air and reacts with oxygen to form zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide. This zinc oxide then is reduced by carbon and you get zinc and Carbon monoxide because Carbon is oxidized

25
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

Electrolysis is The breakdown of molten or aqueous ionic compounds using electricity

26
Q

What is a cathode and anode?

A

Cathode - Attracts negative ions

Anode - Attracts positive ions

27
Q

What will form at the cathode?

A

If hydrogen is more reactive than the metal, then hydrogen will be formed. If it is less reactive than hydrogen, then the metal will be formed

28
Q

What forms at each electrode during the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid

A

Positive electrode: Oxygen

Negative electrode: Hydrogen

29
Q

How can the products of molten electrolytes be predicted?

A

Anode electrode: non-metal

Cathode electrode: metal

30
Q

What are some reasons for electroplating?

A
  • Increase resistance against corrosion

- Improve appearance

31
Q

Compare the movement of electrons to the movement of ions

A

Electrons move through the metallic conductor meaning they move from the positive electrode to the negative.

While ions move through the electrolyte

32
Q

Where does oxidation and reduction happen and why?

A

Reduction happens in the cathode because this is where positive ions gain electrons, electrons move from anode to cathode so oxidation happens in the anode because the anode takes electrons from negative ions

33
Q

what is the order of reactivity?

A

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Carbon, Zinc, Iron, Hydrogen

34
Q

what is the bonding in diamond, graphite, and silicon dioxide?

A

Covalent bonds

35
Q

Properties of Diamond and silicon dioxide

A
  • Poor electrical conductor
  • High melting point
  • Hard
  • Insoluble
36
Q

Properties of Graphite

A
  • Lubricant
  • Good electrical conductor
  • Soft and Slippery
37
Q

what are ionic bonds?

A

electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

38
Q

what are 3 chemical properties of transition metals?

A
  • good catalysts
  • variable oxidation numbers
  • form coloured compounds / coloured ions
39
Q

What is the structure of solids, liquids and gases?

A

Solids are tightly packed and close together in a regular arrangement. They vibrate about a fixed point

Liquids are still close together but have a random arrangement. The particles slip and slide over each other in a continuous random motion

Gases have large distances between particles and have random arrangements. They move in a continuous rapid random motion

40
Q

How do you calculate Rf value?

A

Solvent font

41
Q

How can you tell if a substance is pure from its boiling point

A

A pure substance melts and boils at a fixed temperature if the melting and boiling point is a range, then it is impure.

42
Q

What are the properties of Ionic compounds?

A 
- Conducts electricity when molten or dissolved in a 
  solution
- High melting and boiling point
- Soluble in water
- Brittle
43
Q

In electroplating which electrode will be plated and plating?

A

Object to be plated - Cathode

Metal used to plate - Anode

Chemistry (7 decks)

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