Atomic structure

Question 1

Details of the three Sub-atomic (fundamental) Particles

Answer 1

Question 2

Isotopes

Answer 2

Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons

Isotopes have similar chemical properties because they have the same electronic structure. They may have slightly varying physical properties because they have different masse

Question 3

mass spectrometer

Answer 3

The mass spectrometer can be used to determine all the isotopes present in a sample of an element and to, therefore, identify elements

It needs to be under a vacuum otherwise air particles would ionise and register on the detector

Question 4

Draw TOF

Answer 4

Question 5

Ionization

Answer 5

Electron impact

• A vaporized sample is injected at low-pressure
• An electron gun fires high energy electrons at the sample
• This knocks out an outer electron
• Forming positive ions with different charges

E.g. Ti (g) Ti+ (g)+ e –

Electron impact is used for elements and substances with low formula mass. Electron impact can cause larger organic molecules to fragment

Electro Spray Ionisation

• The sample is dissolved in a volatile, polar solvent
• injected through a fine needle giving a fine mist or aerosol
• the tip of the needle has high voltage
• at the tip of the needle the sample molecule, M, gains a proton, H+, from the solvent forming MH+ • M(g) + H+—- MH+ (g)
• The solvent evaporates away while the MH+ ions move towards a negative plate

Electro Spray Ionisation is used preferably for larger organic molecules. The ‘softer’ conditions of this technique mean fragmentation does not occur

Question 6

Acceleration

Answer 6

Question 7

Flight Tube

Answer 7

Question 8

Detection

Answer 8

The ions reach the detector and generate a small current, which is fed to a computer for analysis. The current is produced by electrons transferring from the detector to the positive ions. The size of the current is proportional to the abundance of the species

For each isotope, the mass spectrometer can measure an m/z (mass/charge ratio) and an abundance

Sometimes two electrons may be removed from a particle forming a 2+ ion.

24Mg2+ with a 2+ charge would have an m/z of 12

Question 9

Example

A sample of Nickel was analyzed and one of the isotopes found was 59Ni.

The ions were accelerated to have 1.000 x 10-16 J of kinetic energy and traveled through a flight tube that was 0.8000 m long.

How long would one ion of 59Ni+ take to travel along the flight tube?

The Avogadro constant L = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1

t=d times odmocnina m over 2 KE

Answer 9

Question 10

Calculating Relative Atomic Mass

Answer 10

Question 11

Example:

Calculate the relative atomic mass of Tellurium from the following abundance data: 124-Te relative abundance 2; 126-Te relative abundance 4; 128-Te relative abundance 7; 130-Te relative abundance 6

Answer 11

= 127.8

Question 12

Example: Copper has two isotopes 63-Cu and 65-Cu. The relative atomic mass of copper is 63.5. Calculate the percentage abundances of these two isotopes

Answer 12

Question 13

Measuring the Mr of a molecule

Answer 13

If a molecule is put through a mass spectrometer with an Electron impact ionization stage it will often break up and give a series of peaks caused by the fragments

The peak with the largest m/z, however, will be due to the complete molecule and will be equal to the relative molecular mass, Mr, of the molecule.

This peak is called the parent ion or molecular ion

If a molecule is put through a mass spectrometer with Electro Spray Ionisation then fragmentation will not occur.

There will be one peak that will equal the mass of the MH+ ion. It will, therefore, be necessary to subtract 1 to get the Mr of the molecule. So if a peak at 521.1 is for MH+, the relative molecular mass of the molecule is 520.1.

Question 14

s sublevels are

Answer 14

spherical

Question 15

p sublevels are

Answer 15

dumbbells

Question 16

Cr electron configuration

+

Cr3+

Answer 16

Cr 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

Cr 3+ [Ar] 4s0 3d3

Question 17

Cu electron configuration

+

Cu2+

Answer 17

Cu 2+ [Ar] 4s0 3d9

Question 18

Definition :First ionisation energy

Answer 18

Question 19

Definition :Second ionisation energy

Answer 19

Question 20

Factors that affect Ionisation energy

There are three main factors

Answer 20

1. The attraction of the nucleus (The more protons in the nucleus the greater the attraction)

2. The distance of the electrons from the nucleus (The bigger the atom the further the outer electrons are from the nucleus and the weaker the attraction to the nucleus)

3. Shielding of the attraction of the nucleus (An electron in an outer shell is repelled by electrons in complete inner shells, weakening the attraction of the nucleus)

Question 21

Why are successive ionization energies always larger?

Answer 21

The second ionization energy of an element is always bigger than the first ionization energy.

When the first electron is removed a positive ion is formed. The ion increases the attraction on the remaining electrons and so the energy required to remove the next electron is larger.

Question 22

Answer 22

Explanation

The fifth electron is in an inner shell closer to the nucleus and therefore attracted much more strongly by the nucleus than the fourth electron. It also does not have any shielding by inner complete shells of electron

Question 23

Answer 23

Here there is a big jump between the 2nd and 3rd ionisations energies which means that this element must be in group 2 of the periodic table as the 3rd electron is removed from an electron shell closer to the nucleus with less shielding and so has a larger ionisation energy

Question 24

Why has Helium the largest first ionization energy?

Answer 24

Its first electron is in the first shell closest to the nucleus and has no shielding effects from inner shells. He has a bigger first ionisation energy than H as it has one more proton

Question 25

Why do first ionisation energies decrease down a group?

Answer 25

As one goes down a group, the outer electrons are found in shells further from the nucleus and are more shielded so the attraction of the nucleus becomes smaller

Question 26

Why is there a general increase in first ionization energy across a period?

Answer 26

As one goes across a period the electrons are being added to the same shell which has the same distance from the nucleus and same shielding effect. The number of protons increases, however, making the effective attraction of the nucleus greater

Question 27

Why has Na a much lower first ionisation energy than Neon?

Answer 27

This is because Na will have its outer electron in a 3s shell further from the nucleus and is more shielded. So Na’s outer electron is easier to remove and has a lower ionisation energy

Question 28

Why is there a small drop from Mg to Al?

Answer 28

Al is starting to fill a 3p sub shell, whereas Mg has its outer electrons in the 3s sub shell. The electrons in the 3p subshell are slightly easier to remove because the 3p electrons are higher in energy and are also slightly shielded by the 3s electrons

Question 29

Why is there a small drop from P to S?

Answer 29

With sulphur there are 4 electrons in the 3p sub shell and the 4th is starting to doubly fill the first 3p orbital. When the second electron is added to a 3p orbital there is a slight repulsion between the two negatively charged electrons which makes the second electron easier to remove