aldehydes and ketones

Question 1

Carbonyls

Answer 1

Carbonyls are compounds with a C=O bond. They can be either aldehydes or ketones

Question 2

Intermolecular forces in carbonyls

Answer 2

Pure carbonyls cannot hydrogen bond to themselves, but are attracted instead by permanent dipole forces

Question 3

Solubility in water

Answer 3

The smaller carbonyls are soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water.

Question 4

Reactions of carbonyls

Answer 4

In comparison to the C=C bond in alkenes, the C=O is stronger and does not undergo addition reactions easily.

The C=O bond is polarised because O is more electronegative than carbon. The positive carbon atom attracts nucleophiles.

This is in contrast to the electrophiles that are attracted to the C=C .

Question 5

Oxidation of Aldehydes

Answer 5

Question 6

Reduction of carbonyls

Answer 6

Question 7

Catalytic Hydrogenation

Answer 7

Question 8

Addition of hydrogen cyanide to carbonyls to form hydroxynitriles

Answer 8