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Chemistry > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the shape of S orbitals and P Orbitals

A
  • S orbital is an oval shape figure meanwhile the P orbital is a Dumbbell shaped figure
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2
Q

What is S block on the periodic table

A

The first 2 groups on the periodic table as the lose 2 electrons to form inert gas configuration ( full outer shell/full last configuration

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3
Q

What is the F block on the periodic table

A

The lower transition metals

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4
Q

What do D block elements from the periodic table tend to do

A

They tend to lose electrons from S and D orbitals to form positive ions

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5
Q

What is the P block on the periodic table

A

It is groups 5-7 as they gain 1-3 electrons to form inert gas configuration ( full outer shell/full last configuration)

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6
Q

What are the 3 variables affecting Ionisation energy

A
  • Nuclear energy (amount of
    protons)
  • Atomic Radius
  • Shielding (a lot of electrons
    between last electron and
    nucleus decreasing force of
    attraction
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7
Q

Why is it that ionisation energy decreases as you go down groups in the periodic table?

A

Due to Shielding as the number of shells increases as you go down the group

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8
Q

Why is it that ionisation energy increases as you go across periods in the periodic table?

A

Due to the number of protons increasing (Nuclear Charge) therefore the attraction between nucleus and electrons

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of ionisations

A
  • Electron Impact Ionisation
  • Electrospray Ionisation
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10
Q

What is the plum pudding model and who made it?

A

JJ Thomson came up with a solid positively charged sphere with electrons randomly arranged in it.

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11
Q

What is the gold foil experiment (Geiger-Marsden experiment)?

A

Alpha particles were shot across thin gold foil which resulted in most going straight through although this, some reflected straight back (hit the nucleus on the head) meanwhile others deflected off the centre of the foil (they slightly hit the nucleus).

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12
Q

What did the results of the gold foil experiment suggest?

A
  • The atom was mostly empty space
  • The centre of an atom is positive
  • The centre of an atom contains most of its
    mass
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13
Q

What is the nuclear model and who made it?

A

Ernest Rutherford made the nuclear model, It is an atom displayed with a central positive nucleus surrounded by a ‘cloud’ of electrons.

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14
Q

What is the top number on an element?

A

mass number = number of protons +
number of neutrons

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15
Q

What is the bottom number on an element?

A

atomic (proton) number = Number of protons

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16
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element but with a different amount of neutrons

17
Q

What is an ion?

A

It is a charged atom due to the loss or gain of electrons

18
Q

Who made the planetary model?

A

Niels Bohr

19
Q

What model was created by Ernest Rutherford as a result of the gold foil experiment?

A

Nuclear model

20
Q

What are the processes of mass spectrometer?

A

1 Ionisation
2) Acceleration
3) Ion drift
4) Detection
All of this is done in a vacuum

21
Q

What is electrospray ionisation?

A

It is when a dissolved elements or substance is ran through a small charged nozzle at atmospheric pressure which applies a high voltage to it causing each particle to gain a H+ ions and to vaporise into a positively charged gas

22
Q

What is electron impact ionisation?

A

It is ionisation method where electrons are shot through an electron gun into a substance in its gaseous state knocking off electrons and therefore ionising it

23
Q

When is electrospray ionisation used?

A

Elements and substances with High Mr

24
Q

When is electron impact ionisation used?

A

Elements and substances with Low Mr

25
Q

What are the 3 fundamental particles in an atom?

A
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
  • Electrons
26
Q

What are the all the models of the atom?

A
  • John Dalton (Early 1800’s) Solid sphere
  • JJ Thomson (1897) Plum pudding model
  • Ernest Rutherford (1909) Nuclear model
  • Niels Bohr (1913) Planetary model
27
Q

What is the relative mass of electrons?

A

1/2000

28
Q

formula for kinetic energy?

A

K.E. = 1/2 m v2

29
Q

Atom economy formula?

A

Mr of desired products/Mr of all reactants

30
Q

What are the 2 exceptions to the trend of Ionisation trends?

A
  • Ionisation energy of B is less the Be
  • Ionisation energy of O is less than N
31
Q

What is the meaning of Relative atomic mass? (Mr)

A

The average mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12th of a carbon atom

32
Q

What is the meaning of Relative molecular mass? (Mr)

A

The average mass of a molecule relative to 1/12th of a carbon atom

33
Q

What is the meaning of Relative isotopic mass?

A

The mass of an atom of an isotope of an element relative to 1/12th of a carbon atom

34
Q

Formula for Relative molecular mass (Mr)

A

add all atomic mass

Chemistry (7 decks)

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