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Physics > Atomic Structure > Flashcards

Atomic Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 sub-atomic particles?

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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2
Q

What are the relative masses of sub - atomic particles?

A

P-1
N-1
E-0.0005

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3
Q

What is the relative charge of each subatomic particle?

A

P - +1
N - 0
E - -1

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4
Q

Typical radius of an atom?

A

1 x 10*-10 metres

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5
Q

Size of nucleus compared to atom?

A

10,000 times smaller

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6
Q

Where is most of the mass of an atom concentrated?

A

The nucleus

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7
Q

When might electron configuration change?

A

When they interact with EM radiation

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8
Q

What is an isotope?

A

All atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different neutrons

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9
Q

What is the mass number?

A

neutrons and protons

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10
Q

What is the atomic/proton number?

A

Number of protons

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11
Q

What happens if an electron gains enough energy?

A

It can leave the atom to form a positive ion

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12
Q

Order of scientists in particle model discoveries?

A

1800 - John Dalton
1897 - JJ Thomson
1911 - Rutherford
1913 - Bohr

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13
Q

Dalton

A

Said everything was made of tiny spheres that couldn’t divide

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14
Q

JJ Thomson

A

Discovered the electron - plum pudding model

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15
Q

Rutherford

A

Realized most of the atom was empty space - gold foil experiment

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16
Q

Rutherford model

A

Positive nucleus at centre of atom with negative electrons around

17
Q

Bohr

A

Electrons exist in fixed ‘orbitals’ and nucleus is made of protons and neutrons

18
Q

Why do some nuclei give out radiation?

A

To become more stable - radioactive decay

19
Q

What does radioactive activity mean?

A

The rate at which a source of unstable nuclei decays.

20
Q

What is count rate?

A

number of decays recorded by a detector per second

21
Q

Forms of decay?

A

Alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons

22
Q

Alpha decay

A

Helium nucleus, Highly ionising, weakly penetrating 5cm of air

23
Q

Bate decay

A

Electron, medium ionising, medium penetration 50 cm of air, sheet of paper

24
Q

Gamma decay

A

Radiation, low ionising, highly penetrating, few cm of lead.

25
Q

What is half life?

A

The time taken for half the nuclei of a sample to decay or count rate to half

26
Q

When a nucleus decays cannot be

A

predicted

27
Q

Equation for net decline?

A

(initial number - number after x half lives)/ initial number

28
Q

What is contamination?

A

The unwanted presence of radioactive atoms on other materials and lasts for a long time

29
Q

What is irradiation?

A

Exposing an object to nuclear radiation, but doesn’t make it radioactive lasts a short time

30
Q

What is background radiation?

A

weak radiation that can be detected from natural / external sources.

31
Q

What are some sources of background radiation?

A

Cosmic rays, underground rocks, nuclear fallout, medical rays

32
Q

What are some uses of radiating atoms?

A

Medical tracers (technetium), chemotherapy to kill cancerous cells.

33
Q

What is nuclear fission?

A

the splitting of a large and unstable nucleus

34
Q

Spontaneous fission is rare

A

Usually, the unstable nucleus must absorb a neutron

35
Q

What is the process of fission?

A

Unstable nuclei absorbs a neutron, it splits into two smaller nuclei, roughly equal in
size and it then emits two or three neutrons and gamma rays.
- Energy is released by the fission reaction.
- This neutron may collide with another radioactive nucleus.
- This nucleus absorbs the neutron and becomes unstable
- This nucleus splits, releasing another neutron and produces more energy
- This is a chain reaction, as energy is being released and one ‘split’ causes another to occur

36
Q

What happens if the fission chain reaction is not controlled?

A

It will exponentially increase causing nuclear weapons

37
Q

What is nuclear fusion?

A

when 2 small nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus, this releases lots of energy

38
Q

Name a natural fusion reactor?

A

The sun

Physics (10 decks)

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