atlanto-occipital, atlas and axis

Question 1

• head 45 to 60 degrees away from
  the side being examined.
• IOML perpendicular to the IR.
• CR: Perpendicular, 1 inch anterior to the EAM and emerges at the atlanto occipital articulation
• SS: projection of the atlanto-occipital articulation, with the joint being shown between the orbit and the ramus of the mandible.

Answer 1

AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION
R and L head rotations

Question 2

• patient’s forehead and nose on the table.
• MSP and OML must be perpendicular to the IR.
• CR: Perpendicular, back of the neck and exits at the level of the infraorbital margins.
• SS: projection of the atlanto-occipital joints projected thru the maxillary sinuses

Answer 2

PA PROJECTION

Question 3

• Center the IR to the level of the tips of the mastoid processes.
• Extend the chin until the tip of the chin and the tip of the mastoid processes are vertical.
• CR: Perpendicular, entering the neck just distal to the tip of the chin.
• SS: projection of the dens lying within the circular foramen magnum.

Answer 3

AP PROJECTION/FUCHS METHOD

Question 4

• Open the mouth of the patient as wide as possible.
• Head Adjustment: the lower edge of the upper incisors and the tip of the mastoid process must be perpendicular to the IR.
• Phonate “Ah” during the exposure. To place the tongue in the floor of the mouth.
• CR: Perpendicular, entering the
  midpoint of the open mouth.
• SS: projection of the atlas and axis projected through the open mouth.

Answer 4

AP Projection / Open Mouth Method / Albers-Schonberg Method

Question 5

• Prone position.
• Extend the neck and rest the patient’s chin on the table.
• Head Adjustment: the chin and mastoid tip are vertical or the OML is approx. 37 degrees to the IR.
• CR: Perpendicular, entering the MSP just distal to the level of the mastoid tips.
• demonstrates the dens and atlas seen through the foramen magnum.
• exact reverse of Fuchs Method.

Answer 5

PA PROJECTION/ JUDD METHOD

Question 6

• Rotate the head either right or left 40 to 45 degrees.
• CR: Angled 10 to 15 degree caudad, midway between the outer canthus and the EAM
• SS: shows projection of the dens

Answer 6

AP AXIAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION/ KASABACH METHOD
R or L head Rotations

Question 7

• IR in vertical position and in contact with the upper neck.
• Extend the neck slightly so that the shadow of the mandibular rami does not overlap that of the spine.
• CR: Perpendicular to a point 1 inch distal to the adjacent mastoid tip(level of the atlanto-axial articulation).
• S/S: demonstrates the lateral projection of the atlas and axis and the atlanto-occipital articulations.

Answer 7

Lateral Projection
R or L Position

Question 8

how many degrees head adjustment sa judd method

Answer 8

37 to the IR

Question 9

cr of kasabach method

Answer 9

10-15 caudad

Question 10

how many degrees head rotation of kasabach method

Answer 10

40-45