ATI - Nutrition Chapter 2

Question 1

______ is the process of consuming food by the mouth, and moving it through the digestive system.

Answer 1

ingestion

Question 2

_____ is a systemic process that includes the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

Answer 2

digestion

Question 3

____ occurs as components of nutrients pass through the digestive system into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.

Answer 3

absorption

Question 4

Medication absorption can be affected by ____ intake.

Answer 4

food

Question 5

It is important for nurses to be aware of food and medication _____.

Answer 5

absorption

Question 6

Nurses should assess ______ functioning to determine adequacy prior to medication administration.

Answer 6

liver and kidney

Question 7

_____ is the sum of all chemical processes that occur on a cellular level to maintain homeostasis.

Answer 7

metabolism

Question 8

_____ from food must enter a cell in order for metabolism to occur.

Answer 8

nutrients

Question 9

Metabolism is compromised of two processes: _____ and _____.

Answer 9

catabolism and anabolism

Question 10

___ is the breaking down of substances with the resultant release of energy.

Answer 10

catabolism

Question 11

_____ is the use of energy to build or repair substances.

Answer 11

anabolism

Question 12

_____ are metabolized to provide carbon dioxide, water, and adenosine tripohosphate (ATP).

Answer 12

Energy nutrients

Question 13

Excess energy nutrients are stored, glucose is converted to ____ and stored in the liver and muscle tissue. Surplus glucose is converted to ____. Glycerol and fatty acids are reassembled into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue, and amino acids make ______.

Answer 13

glycogen
fat
body proteins

Question 14

The liver removes excess amino acids and uses the residue to form glucose or store it as _____.

Answer 14

fat

Question 15

Body cells first use available ATP for ____ and repair, then use glycogen and stored fat.

Answer 15

growth

Question 16

Metabolic rate refers to teh speed at which food energy is ____.

Answer 16

burned.

Question 17

_____ refers to the amount of energy used in 24 hour for involuntary activities of the body, such as maintaining body temperature, heartbeat, ciculation and respirations. This rate is determined while at rest and following a 12 hour fast.

Answer 17

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 18

_____ refers to the calories needed for involuntary activities of the body at rest. This rate does not consider the 12 hour fast criteria.

Answer 18

Resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Question 19

BMR is affected by lean body mass and _______. Body surface area, age,and gender are also factors that contribute to BMR.

Answer 19

hormones

Question 20

___ function tests can be used as indirect measure of BMR.

Answer 20

thyroid

Question 21

____ causes an increase in metabolism, blood glucose levels, and protein catabolism.

Answer 21

acute stress

Question 22

A major nutritional concern during acute stress is protein deficiency as a stress _____ break down protein at a very rapid rate.

Answer 22

hormones

Question 23

Protein deficiency increases the risk of ______ from severe trauma or critical illness (skin breakdown, delayed wound healing, infections, organ failure, ulcers, impaired medication tolerance).

Answer 23

complications

Question 24

Protein requirements may be increased to more than ___ g/kg of body weight, or up to 25% of total calories, depending on the client’s age and prior nutrtitional status.

Answer 24

2 g/kg

Question 25

Any ____ illness (surgery, extensive burns) increases the body's requirements for calories to meet the demands of an increased BMR.

Answer 25

catabolic

Question 26

Disease and _____ also increase metabolic demands and can lead to starvation/death.

Answer 26

sepsis

Question 27

Factors that increase BMR

Answer 27

``` lean, muscular body build exposure to extreme cold prolonged stress rapid growth periods (infancy, puberty) pregnancy lactation physical conditioning ```

Question 28

Factors that decrease BMR

Answer 28

short, overweight body build starvation/malnutrition age older than 60

Question 29

Factors that increase metabolism

Answer 29

``` fever involuntary muscle tremors (shivering, parkinson's) hyperthyroidism cancer cardiac failure diabetes mellitus burns surgery/wound healing HIV/AIDS ```

Question 30

Factors that decrease metabolism

Answer 30

hypothyroidism

Question 31

Medications that increase BMR

Answer 31

prednisone epinephrine levothyroxine ephedrine sulfate

Question 32

Medications that decrease BMR.

Answer 32

amitriptyline

Question 33

____ balance refers to the difference betweent eh daily intake and excretion of nitrogen. It is also an indicator of tissue integrity.

Answer 33

nitrogen balance

Question 34

A healthy adult experiencing a stable weight is in ________, also known as neutral nitrogen balance.

Answer 34

nitrogen equilibrium

Question 35

_____ nitrogen balance indicates that the intake of nitrogen exceeds excretion. Specifically, the body builds more tissue than it breaks down. This normally occurs during periods of _____: infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation.

Answer 35

positive | growth

Question 36

____ nitrogen balance indicates that the excretion of nitrogen exceeds intake. The individual is receiving insufficient protein, and the body is breaking down more tissue than it is building, as seen during periods of ______, trauma, aging, and malnutrition.

Answer 36

negative | illness