ATI - Nutrition Chapter 2 Flashcards
______ is the process of consuming food by the mouth, and moving it through the digestive system.
ingestion
_____ is a systemic process that includes the breakdown and absorption of nutrients.
digestion
____ occurs as components of nutrients pass through the digestive system into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.
absorption
Medication absorption can be affected by ____ intake.
food
It is important for nurses to be aware of food and medication _____.
absorption
Nurses should assess ______ functioning to determine adequacy prior to medication administration.
liver and kidney
_____ is the sum of all chemical processes that occur on a cellular level to maintain homeostasis.
metabolism
_____ from food must enter a cell in order for metabolism to occur.
nutrients
Metabolism is compromised of two processes: _____ and _____.
catabolism and anabolism
___ is the breaking down of substances with the resultant release of energy.
catabolism
_____ is the use of energy to build or repair substances.
anabolism
_____ are metabolized to provide carbon dioxide, water, and adenosine tripohosphate (ATP).
Energy nutrients
Excess energy nutrients are stored, glucose is converted to ____ and stored in the liver and muscle tissue. Surplus glucose is converted to ____. Glycerol and fatty acids are reassembled into triglycerides and stored in adipose tissue, and amino acids make ______.
glycogen
fat
body proteins
The liver removes excess amino acids and uses the residue to form glucose or store it as _____.
fat
Body cells first use available ATP for ____ and repair, then use glycogen and stored fat.
growth
Metabolic rate refers to teh speed at which food energy is ____.
burned.
_____ refers to the amount of energy used in 24 hour for involuntary activities of the body, such as maintaining body temperature, heartbeat, ciculation and respirations. This rate is determined while at rest and following a 12 hour fast.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
_____ refers to the calories needed for involuntary activities of the body at rest. This rate does not consider the 12 hour fast criteria.
Resting metabolic rate (RMR)
BMR is affected by lean body mass and _______. Body surface area, age,and gender are also factors that contribute to BMR.
hormones
___ function tests can be used as indirect measure of BMR.
thyroid
____ causes an increase in metabolism, blood glucose levels, and protein catabolism.
acute stress
A major nutritional concern during acute stress is protein deficiency as a stress _____ break down protein at a very rapid rate.
hormones
Protein deficiency increases the risk of ______ from severe trauma or critical illness (skin breakdown, delayed wound healing, infections, organ failure, ulcers, impaired medication tolerance).
complications
Protein requirements may be increased to more than ___ g/kg of body weight, or up to 25% of total calories, depending on the client’s age and prior nutrtitional status.
2 g/kg
Any ____ illness (surgery, extensive burns) increases the body’s requirements for calories to meet the demands of an increased BMR.
catabolic
Disease and _____ also increase metabolic demands and can lead to starvation/death.
sepsis
Factors that increase BMR
lean, muscular body build exposure to extreme cold prolonged stress rapid growth periods (infancy, puberty) pregnancy lactation physical conditioning
Factors that decrease BMR
short, overweight body build
starvation/malnutrition
age older than 60
Factors that increase metabolism
fever involuntary muscle tremors (shivering, parkinson's) hyperthyroidism cancer cardiac failure diabetes mellitus burns surgery/wound healing HIV/AIDS
Factors that decrease metabolism
hypothyroidism
Medications that increase BMR
prednisone
epinephrine
levothyroxine
ephedrine sulfate
Medications that decrease BMR.
amitriptyline
____ balance refers to the difference betweent eh daily intake and excretion of nitrogen. It is also an indicator of tissue integrity.
nitrogen balance
A healthy adult experiencing a stable weight is in ________, also known as neutral nitrogen balance.
nitrogen equilibrium
_____ nitrogen balance indicates that the intake of nitrogen exceeds excretion. Specifically, the body builds more tissue than it breaks down. This normally occurs during periods of _____: infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation.
positive
growth
____ nitrogen balance indicates that the excretion of nitrogen exceeds intake. The individual is receiving insufficient protein, and the body is breaking down more tissue than it is building, as seen during periods of ______, trauma, aging, and malnutrition.
negative
illness
