ATI - Chapter 33 Flashcards
______ describes how an individual deals with problems, such as illness and stress.
coping
Factors in coping and adaptation include the client’s ________, adherence to treatment regimens, and the role and individual can play in important relationships.
family dynamics
_____ describes changes in an individual state of balance and response to stressors, the internal and external forces that disrupt that state of balance.
Stress
Any stressor, whether it is perceived as good or bad, produce similar _____ in the body.
biological response
Stress can be _____ (adjusting to a chronic disease or a stressful job change.)
situational
Stress can be _______ (varying with life stage). Adult stressors can include losing parents, having a baby, and getting married.
developmental
Stress can be caused by ______ factors, including substance use, lack of education and prolonged poverty.
sociocultural factors
Research has shown that stress not only impairs and weakens the _______ but has been identified as a casual factor in numerous health conditions.
immune system
_____ describes how an individual deals with problems and issues.
coping
Factors influencing an individual’s ability to cope include the number, duration, and intensity of stressors; the individuals’s ______; the current support system; and available resources (financial).
past experiences
Coping strategies are unique to an ____ and can vary greatly with each stressor.
individual
____ burden results from the accumulated stress that family members experience after caring for a loved one over a period of time.
caregiver
Caregiver burden includes responses such as fatigue, difficulty sleeping, and _____.
illness (increased bp, mental illness)
_____ mechanisms: assist a person during a stressful situation or crisis by regulating emotional distress.
ego defense
Coping behavior that describes how an individual handles demands imposed by the _____.
environment
_____ is also known as “stress syndrome.” Hans Selye developed a theory of adaptation that describes the stress reaction in three stages.
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
The three stages of general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
alarm reaction
resistance stage
exhaustion stage
The _____ reaction is when the body functions are heightened to respond to stressors.
alarm
During the ______ reaction hormones (epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisone) are released, which cause elevated bp and hr, heightened mental alertness, increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and increased blood flow to muscles.
alarm
During the ____ stage body functions normalize while responding the stressor. The body attempts to cope with the stressor and return to _____. Stabilization of BP, HR and hormones will occur.
resistance
homeostasis
The _____ stage is when the body functions are no longer able to maintain a response to the stressor and the client cannot adapt. Then of this stages results in ______ or _____.
exhaustion stage
recovery or death
_____ is the commitment and ability of the client and family to follow a given treatment regimen.
adherence
_____ to the regimen increases adherence.
commitment
Complicated regiment interferes with _____.
adherence
Involvement of the client and ____ people in the planning stage increases adherence.
significant support
____ effects of medications diminish adherence.
adverse
Coping mechanisms such as _____ can cause non-adherence.
denial
Available _____ increase adherence.
resources
With stress encourage health ____ strategies, including regular exercise, optimal nutrition, and adequate sleep and rest.
promotion
With stress assist with ______ and determine priority tasks.
time management
With stress encourage appropriate _______ techniques, including breathing exercises, massage, imagery, yoga, and meditation.
relaxation
With stress listen attentively, and take the time to understand the ______.
client’s perspective
With stress control the ______ to reduce the number of external stressors, including noise and breaks in teh continuity of care.
environment
With stress identify available ______ systems.
support
With stress use effective ______ techniques to foster the expression of feelings.
communication
With coping be _____ in communication, and encourage the client to verbalize feelings.
empathetic
With coping identify the client’s and family’s _______ and abilities.
strengths
With coping encourage client’s ______ with decision-making.
autonomy
With coping discuss the client’s and family’s abilities to deal with the _____.
current situation
With coping identify available community resources, and refer the client for _____ if needed.
counseling
With coping encourage the client to describe ________ used effectively in the past.
coping skills
With adherence put instructions in _____.
writing
With adherence allow the client to give _____ into the treatment regiment.
input
With adherence _____ treatment regimens as much as possible.
simplify
With adherence ______ with the client to address any questions or problems.
follow up
With adherence ______ with the client to address any questions or problems.
follow up
_____ is defined by the client, and it consists of the individual structures and roles.
family
A family is typically two or more people whose relationships create a bond and influence their _______, support, goals, and resources.
mutual development
The five realms of processes involved in family function during a family assessment.
interactive development coping integrity health
Assessment of a family can focus on family as a context, a client, or a ______.
system
Families and clients are not ________; family-centered care creates a holistic approach to nursing care.
mutually exclusive
Family _____ are constantly evolving due to the processes of family life and developmental stages of the family members.
dynamics
A current trend is the fastest growing population is those older than _____ years, leading to caregiver issues.
65
A current trend is the declining ____ of families due to increased unemployment.
economic status
A current trend is family _____ and its endless cycle.
violence
A current trend is any acute or chronic illness that ______ the family unit (can include end-of-life care issues)
disrupts
A current trend is _____: lack of stable environment, financial issues, inadequate access to health care (fastest-growing _____ population is families with children). This population is growing due to the lack of affordable housing.
homelessness
homeless
Structure dictates the family’s ability to ____.
cope
____ structure is dictorial and strict.
rigid
____ structure includes few or no boundaries, consistent behavior, or consequences.
open
Either structure (open or rigid) can provide positive or negative ______.
outcomes
Function describes the course of action the family uses to reach its _____, including members’ communication skills, problem-solving abilities, and available resources.
goals
Identify and adapt family strengths to perceived stressor(s)
communication adaptability nurturing crisis as a growth element parenting skills resiliency
With nursing care
identify and adapt family strengths to perceived stressors
set realistic goals with the family
provide info about support networks and community resources
promote family unity
ensure safety for families at risk for violence
encourage conflict resolution
minimize family process disruption effects
remove barriers to health promotion
increase family members’ abilities to participate
perform intervention that the family cannot perform
evaluate goals within the context of the family by checking back to ensure that goals were realistic and achievable
A ______ is the function a person adopts within their life. Seldom is it limited to one ____, but rather is multidimensional and is often relative to the ____ of others.
role
role
role
A ______ is the function a person adopts within their life. Seldom is it limited to one ____, but rather is multidimensional and is often relative to the ____ of others.
role
role
role
_____ affects roles in many ways.
stress
The presence of stressors ____ a client’s return to health in the same way that the presence of a foreign body or infection delays the healing of a wound.
delays
______ causes role stress by creating a situation in which roles can change simply due to the effect and progression of the illness.
illness
Nurses must be aware fo a client’s roles in life, as well as how the situation of illness might ____ these roles, either temporarily or permanently.
change
A basic assumption is that a client can either advance or _____ in the face of a situational role change.
regress
_____ develops when a perosn must assume opposing roles iwth incompatible expectations.
role conflict
_____ can be interpersonal (when parents expect adolescents to participate in sports and perform household tasks) or inter-role (when a mother wants to stay at home with her infant, but family finances require her to work)
role conflict
_____ is when expectations of others and society regarding how one should behave when sick (caring for self while sick and continuing to provide childcare to grandchildren).
sick role
______ is uncertainty about what is expected when assuming a role; creates confusion.
role ambiguity
______ is the frustration and anxiety that occurs when a person feels inadequate for assuming a role (caring for a parent dementia).
role strain
_____ is when more responsiblity and roles than are manageable,\; very common (assuming the role of student, employee, and parent)
role overload
Situational _____ are caused by situations other than physical growth and development (marriage, job changes, divorce).
role changes
Situational role changes can disrupt one or ore of the client’s roles in life (with illness or ______)
hospitalization
Situational role changes with resolution, can contribute to healing in the ____, mental, and spiritual realms.
physical
_____ role changes occur when the client will resume the role when illness resolves.
temporary
____ role changes occur when illness has altered the level of the client’s health to a point that previous roles are no longer available.
permanent
