ATI Chapter 3 Flashcards
3 part of the epidemiology triangle
Host
Agent
Environment
The physical, infectious, or chemical factor that causes the disease
Agent
The living being that an agent or the environment influences
The host
The setting or surroundings that sustains the host
environment
Type of agents
Chemical(dug toxin), physical (noise, temp), or infectious ( virus bacteria)
Social environment bs physical environment
Social: access to health care, high risk working conditions, poverty
Physical: geography, water or food supply, presence of reservoirs or vectors
Incidence vs prevalence
Incidence - number of NEW cases in the population at a specific time
Prevalence- number of EXISTING cases in a population at a specific time
Equations for prevelance and incidence
cases / population total x 1000 =______ 1000
Crude Mortality rate =
Overall death rates
Deaths from a a specific cause =
Cause specific rate, case fatality rate
Deaths at a specific time across lifespan =
Infant mortality rate or age specific rate
Condition corría when rate of disease exceeds the usual level of condition in a defined population
Epidemic
Normal rate of condition occurrence in population
Endemic
Condition occurs when an epidemic occurs in multiple countrified or continents
Pandemic
of people exposed to a specific agent who develop the disease divided by the total number of people exposed
attack rate
what is the communicability of a disease?
how easily an organism is able to cause disease
also called virulence
steps in the chain of infection
causative agent reservoir portal of exit mode of transmission portal of entry susceptible host
what is vertical transmission of a disease?
parent to offspring
–> sperm, placenta, vaginal contact during birth, human milk
what is horizontal transmission of a disease?
general person to person interaction (not parent to child)
–> person/ object comes into contact with infected things via contact, air, droplets, food, water, mosquito, snail
Is zika vertical or horizontal transmission?
vertical and horizontal!! trick question
modes of transmission: particles transmitted by AIR to susceptible host =
airborne
precautions: measles
aireborne
precaution: impetigo
contact
precaution: chickenpox
airborne
precaution: enterobiasis (pinworm)
contact
precaution: tuberculosis
airborne
precaution: infectious mononucleosis
contact
precaution: pertussis
droplet
precaution: STI
contact
precaution: influenza
droplet
precaution: SARS
droplet
precaution: lice, scabies:
contact
how are cholera, bacillary dystentary, giardia lambilia, typhoid fever spread?
water contamination
How are these spread:
lyme disease, west nile, rocky mountain spotted fever, malaria
vector
foodborne infection vs intoxication + exmples
infection = bacteria, virus parasite in food : norovirus, salmonella, hep A, trichinosis, E. coli intoxication = toxins produced through bacterial growth, chemical contamination: staph aureus, C dif
type of immunity: protection due to immunity of most community members making exposure unlikely
herd immunity
type of immunity: natural defense mechanisms of the body to resist specific antigens or toxins =
natural immunity
type of immunity: develops through actual exposure to infectious agents =
acquired immunity
type of immunity: transfer of antibodies to through placenta or transfusion of immunoglobulins/proteins
passive immunity
_____ _____ is used to investigate disease patterns based on who/when/where/why/how
descriptive epidemiology
Evaluating the efficiency of communicable disease management programs falls under which 3 of the public health nurse objectives
assurance
_______ ______ ______ is the systematic collection and analysis of data regarding infectious diseases
communicable disease surveillance
re health care goals: see increase in # of people surviving more than ____ years after HIV diagnosis
3 years
re health care goals: see increase in # of testing for _____ in adults who have TB
HIV
re health care goals: see increase in # of sexually active persons who use _____
condoms
re health care goals: see increase in # of people who have been tested for HIV in the past ______
year
immunization goals:
- increase in adults vaccinated for shingles, pneumonia, flu,
- increase in vaccination preventable for diseases
what role does nurse play in immunizations for the community?
education about importance, track # immunizations , up to date on vaccine admin precautions
primary prevention re: commubicable
- educate about need for vaccinations
- counsel people traveling to get vaccines/ foreign diseases
- education on risk factors or prevention measures like hand hygeine and food handling
secondary prevention re: infectious diseases
- provide post exposure prophylaxsis (rabies/ Hep a)
- quarantine when necessary
- increase detection through screening
- refer suspected cases for diagnosis and epidemiological reporting
tertiary prevention re: communicable diseases
- decrease complications from disease w/ rehab
- monitor for compliance include DOT (directly observed therapy)
- link clients to resources
2 goals hoping to increase for TB patients
- increase # people completing medication treatment
- increase # people being tested for HIV who have TB
