Atherosclerosis, Lipoproteins and Lipid-Lowering Agents Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main difference in the composition of LDLs and HDLs?

A

They have different apoproteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are dietary triglycerides and cholesterol packaged into once they are absorbed?

A

Chylomicrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are chylomicrons broken down into?

A

Chylomicron remnants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Are most circulating lipids endogenous or exogenous?

A

Endogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the significance of chylomicron remnants with regards to atherosclerosis?

A

They are very good at getting into the tunica intima

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define atherosclerosis.

A

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory fibro-proliferative disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cells are recruited in the process of atherosclerosis?

A

Macrophages (which turn into foam cells)
Fibroblasts
Smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What must initially happen for the process of atherosclerosis to begin?

A

Increase in permeability of the endothelium
Upregulation of leukocytes and cell adhesion molecules
Migration of leukocytes into arterial wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What can happen as the atheroma grows larger?

A

Some of the foam cells die and rupture, releasing their toxic contents to form a lipid necrotic core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which cells are responsible for producing a protective fibrous cap over the fat core?

A

Smooth muscle cells lay down collagen fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an unstable atherosclerotic plaque?

A

The fibrous cap thins and eventually ruptures, exposing the thrombogenic lipid core to the platelets and coagulation factors
This causes THROMBOSIS
NOTE: plaque erosion is also associated with hardening of the arteries, leading to weakening and thickening of the vessel wall leading to aneurysm and possible haemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do complicated lesions often contain?

A

Calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some characteristics of vulnerable plaques?

A

Thin fibrous cap
A core rich in lipid and macrophages
Less evidence of smooth muscle proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can modify LDL cholesterol?

A

Low HDL
Diabetes
Smoking
Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do low HDL cholesterol levels tend to be associated with?

A

High triglyceride levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What factors can lower HDL cholesterol levels?

A

Smoking
Obesity
Physical inactivity

17
Q

Other than heart disease, what else is a very high triglyceride level associated with?

A

Pancreatitis

18
Q

State some different drug therapies that have been used to treat high cholesterol.

A

Bile acid sequestrants
Nicotinic acid
Fibrates
Statins

19
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of statins.

A

They are HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

20
Q

What are two important products of the cholesterol synthesispathway?

A

Geranyl pyrophosphate
Farnesyl pyrophosphate
They are involved in the modification and activation of proteins

21
Q

How do statins decrease plasma LDL levels?

A

Statins block the cholesterol synthesis pathway, which leads to the liver responding by producing more LDL receptors
Having more LDL receptors means that more LDL can be removed from the blood to provide the liver with cholesterol which it can’t make itself

22
Q

What is the selectivity ratio of a statin?

A

The higher the selectivity ratio, the greater the likelihood of the molecule being concentrated in the liver cell

23
Q

What is the Rule of 6?

A

Doubling the dose of any statin will give a 6% reduction in the level of LDL cholesterol

24
Q

How do fibrates act?

A

They activate PPAR-alpha
They lower plasma fatty acids and lower triglycerides
They are often used in diabetics with high triglycerides

25
Q

Name an important drug that can be given with statins to further decrease LDL levels?

A

Ezetimibe – it inhibits cholesterol absorption

26
Q

What is ezetimide drug activated as?

A

Glucuronide

27
Q

Which protein is involved in the transport of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides from HDLs to LDLs?

A

Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP)

28
Q

What is PCSK9?

A

It is an inhibitor of LDL receptors
It stops the LDL in the plasma from binding to the LDL receptor and being taken up
PCSK9 inhibition can lead to a decrease in cholesterol levels