Atherosclerosis and LDL

Question 1

Atherosclerosis is…

Answer 1

A combination of cholesterol and inflammation.

Question 2

HDL has what type of relationship to atherosclerosis?

Answer 2

Inverse!

Question 3

Triglycerides have what type of relationship to atherosclerosis?

Answer 3

Questionable but probably positively related.

Question 4

CHD Death Risk Factors (Cholesterol and Systolic BP) are….?

Answer 4

Independent and Additive

Question 5

Lipoprotein Function?

Answer 5

Transports cholesterol and lipids

Question 6

Lipoprotein Structure

Answer 6

Apoprotein
Phospholipids
Triglycerides (TG)
Cholesterol (CE)

Question 7

Ways to classify lipoproteins?

Answer 7

Size
Composition (most widely used)
Electrophoresis

Question 8

LDL is formed from?

Answer 8

NOT directly from liver

Formed from remnants of VLDL which is produced in the liver

Question 9

LDL Receptor Function? Saturation Level?

Location?

Answer 9

Used to uptake and clear LDL from the plasma compartment. Is saturated at about >120 = buildup!
Receptor is generally located on cells in the liver.

Question 10

Cholesterol leaves the liver in two forms:

Answer 10

1) Secretion in the form of VLDL which is returned in the form of LDL
2) Excretion into the bile

Question 11

What is the initiating factor of atherosclerosis?

Answer 11

Accumulation of cholesterol ester in the wall of the artery. Created by the breakdown of LDL by Foam Cells.

Question 12

What do platelets release that make plaques worse?

Answer 12

Growth Factors! Causes smooth muscle cells to proliferate and produce more fibrosis of the plaque.

Question 13

CHD Risk Factors

Answer 13

Age (Men > 45, Women > 55)
Tobacco (current)
Hypertension (140/90)
Family History 
HDL-C < 40 mg/dL

Question 14

Diet Patterns for LDL-C lowering

Answer 14

5-6% calories from Saturated Fat

Reduce %Calories from trans fat

Question 15

Physical Activity Guidelines for Lipids and BP

Answer 15

Advise adults to engage in aerobic physical activity to  LDL-C and non-HDL-C

3-4 sessions/ wk
40 min/ session
Mod-Rigorous intensity

Question 16

Groups of people who will benefit from Statin Treatment

Answer 16

1) Secondary Prevention
2) LDL-C ≥ 190 mg/dL
3) Diabetes (40-75 yrs, LDL-C 70-189 mg/dL)
4) Primary Prevention (40-75 yrs, LDL-C 70-189 mg/dL, ASCVD risk ≥ 7.5%)