Atherosclerosis

Question 1

Definition

Answer 1

Disease of large or medium muscular arteries characterised by vascular inflammation endothelial dysfunction building upof lipids formation of plaques and leads to narrowing and hardening of vessels causes ischemia

Question 2

Causes or provoking or risk factors

Answer 2

Increase in low- density lipoprotein LDL
Male
Age for-men > 55 years and women >65
Smoking
Diabetes
Obesity
Sedentary lifestyle
Family history of CVD
Hypertension
Endothelial injury

Question 3

Types of atherosclerosis

Answer 3

Coronary artery A.

Non-coronary artery A.
Extra cranial cerebrovasculardisease
Mesenteric artery A.
Cerebral vessels A.
Lower extremity occlusive disease

Question 4

Mechanism of action

Answer 4

Presence of endothelial dysfunction
High level of glucose
Neuropathy - damage or dysfunction of nerves
High or increase level of cholesterol
Systemic infarction _ condition where multiple organs or tissues in the body are affected by restricted blood flow due to blockage in blood vessels

Question 5

Pathogenesis

Answer 5

Endothelial dysfunction due to obesity DM hypercholesterolemia smoking genetic predisposition
Accumulation of calcium fat LDL macrophages cholesterol in intima
Macrophages take up LDL to become foam cells transform phagocytes to foam cells
Translocation of smooth muscle cells from intima to media layer production of collagen accumulation of calcium
Formation of plaque capsule

Question 6

Plaques formed by atherosclerosis can be stable or unstable
Characteristics of stable plaques

Answer 6

Thick capsule with smooth muscle
Calcium with thick capsule has lower risk of rupture
Lipid core is small

Question 7

Characteristics of unstable plaque

Answer 7

Thin capsule with high risk of sudden cardiac events like MI unstable angina
Big lipid core

Question 8

Clinical picture of stable plaque

Answer 8

In coronary arteries
it’s manifested by chronic forms of ischemic heart diseases examples stable angina, acute MI, chronic coronary syndrome
Ischemic cardiomyopathy

In brain-carotid artery
Chronic hypoxia
Cognitive disorder decrease memory

In mesentrial arteries
Sign of chronic intestinal is chemical syndrome ofmaldigestion malabsorption and intestinal dyspepsia

Femoral arteries(leg)
Intermittent claudication

Renal arteries
Chronic renal failure

Question 9

Clinical picture of unstable plaque

Answer 9

Coronary A
Acute MI and unstable angina

Brain - carotid A.
Stroke and transient ischemic attack

Mesentrial A.
Gangrene of intestine

Femoral A.
Gangrene/necrosis

Renal A.
Kidney infarction