Atheroma

Question 1

what is atheroma

Answer 1

type of atherosclerosis
raised lesion of soft yellow lipid covered by white fibrous cap
it mechanically blocks blood flow
can cause aneurysm or thrombosis
very fatal

Question 2

factors leading to endothelial cell injury

Answer 2

hypertension
hyperlipidemia
smoking
homocysteine
infections
immune reaction

Question 3

what endothelial cell injury leads to

Answer 3

endothelial dysfunction which increases permeability, leukocyte adhesion and altered gene expression
monocyte adhesion, emigration
inflammatory cytokines
haemodynamic disturbance
hypercholesterolemia

Question 4

what happens after endothelial dysfunction

Answer 4

smooth muscle emigration from media to intima
macrophage activation
the these macrophages and smooth muscle cells engulf lipid

Question 5

what is end result of endothelial dysfunction

Answer 5

atherosclerosis
diabetes
heart failure
hypertension
peripheral artery disease

Question 6

diseases associated to atheroma

Answer 6

conorary artery disease/myocardial infarction
aneurysm
infarction/stoke
peripheral vascular disease

Question 7

atheroma morphology

Answer 7

foam cells/fatty streaks- no raising, might not be malignant
intermediate lesion/atheroma- intima thickens, lipid accumulates
fibrous plaque- big blockage made of lots of cells
plaque rupture/thrombosis

Question 8

consequences of atherosclerosis

Answer 8

symptomatic- damage to heart, brain, kidneys, lower limbs
small vessel perfusion
ruptured plaque
stenosis-limits blood flow so demand exceeds supply
erosion/ulceration
haemorrhage