Astigmatism and Presbyopia

Question 1

a type of astigmatism wherein the crystalline lens has an unequal curvature on the surface or in its layers

Answer 1

Lenticular Astigmatism

Question 2

a classification of presbyopia wherein it is the earliest stage at which symptoms or clinical findings document the near vision effects of the condition

Answer 2

Incipient Presbyopia

Question 3

also known as “short arm syndrome”

Answer 3

Presbyopia

Question 4

it is the maximum increase in optical power that an eye can achieve in adjusting its focus from as far as possible to the nearest possible

Answer 4

Amplitude of Accommodation

Question 5

a type of astigmatism wherein the two principal meridians are NOT perpendicular to each other

Answer 5

Irregular Astigmatism

Question 6

a theory where it states that presbyopia is due to the sclerosis of lens

Answer 6

H-H-G Theory or Helmholtz-Hess-Gullstrand Theory

Question 7

what does DDNN mean?

Answer 7

Dominant Distance Non-Dominant Near

Question 8

a classification of presbyopia wherein the accommodative ability becomes insufficient for the patient’s usual near vision tasks at an earlier age than expected

Answer 8

Pre-mature Presbyopia

Question 9

when parallel rays of light enter the eye (with accommodation relaxed) and do not come to a single point focus on or near the retina

Answer 9

Astigmatism

Question 10

Total Astigmatism = _______ + ________

Answer 10

Corneal + Residual

Question 11

TRUE or FALSE.

Asian infants tend to be WTR Astigmatism.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

TRUE or FALSE.

Hyperopes, even if corrected, usually exhibit refractive difficulty first.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

TRUE or FALSE.

Teenage children demonstrate a shift towards ATR astigmatism

Answer 13

False.

They shift towards WTR astigmatism.

Question 14

is when one of the principal meridians is focused behind the retina and the other is focused on the retina (with accommodation relaxed)

Answer 14

Simple Hyperopic Astigmatism

Question 15

is when both principal meridians are focused in front of the retina (with accommodation relaxed)

Answer 15

Compound Myopic Astigmatism

Question 16

it is the most common type of astigmatism based on the orientation of meridians

Answer 16

With-The-Rule (WTR) Astigmatism

Question 17

a type of astigmatism wherein the cornea has unequal curvature on the anterior surface

Answer 17

Corneal Astigmatism

Question 18

What are the 3 types of regular astigmatism?

Answer 18

With-The-Rule, Against-The-Rule, and Oblique Astigmatism

Question 19

a theory that states that as the person ages, the reduced amplitude is due to progressive weakening of the ciliary muscle itself

Answer 19

D-D-F or Donder’s-Duane-Fincham Theory

Question 20

a classification of presbyopia wherein there is an increase in pupil size and a decrease in depth of field

Answer 20

Nocturnal Presbyopia

Question 21

is where the sum of the two axes of the two eyes equals to approximately 180

Answer 21

Symmetrical Astigmatism

Question 22

is where the sum of the two axes of the two eyes does not equal to 180

Answer 22

Asymmetrical Astigmatism

Question 23

TRUE or FALSE.
As a result of the continuous gradual decline in accommodation, functional presbyopia progress to facultative presbyopia.

Answer 23

False.

Functional presbyopia progresses to absolute presbyopia.

Question 24

he was the first one to produce a distance test charts for astigmatism

Answer 24

John Green

Question 25

he was credited as the first one who has an accurate description of astigmatism

Answer 25

Thomas Young

Question 26

it is a small scale Snellen’s chart

Answer 26

Near chart VA

Question 27

an instrument used to measure the curvature of the cornea

Answer 27

Keratometer

Question 28

to what degree does oblique (OBL) astigmatism in minus cylinder form fall?

Answer 28

31-59 and 121-149 degrees

Question 29

the inability of the human eye to focus on objects up close that results with aging

Answer 29

Presbyopia

Question 30

is the most reliable source of information for cylindrical power and axis

Answer 30

Retinoscopy