Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction

Question 1

This occurs when the amplitude of accommodation (AA) is lower than the expected AA for the patient’s age and is not due to sclerosis of the crystalline lens.

Answer 1

accommodative insufficiency

Question 2

Patients who have this has a deviation of similar magnitude at both distance and near
or if the difference between the far and near exophoria is below 10PD.

Answer 2

basic exophoria

Question 3

It is the result of overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 3

spasm of accommodation

Question 4

It is a condition in which the AA is normal, but fatigue occurs with repeated accommodative stimulation.

Answer 4

ill-sustained accommodation

Question 5

• Receded near point of convergence (NPC)
• Exophoria at near
• Reduced positive fusional convergence (PFC)
• Deficiencies in negative relative accommodation (NRA)

Answer 5

convergence insufficiency

Question 6

It is sometimes part of a triad (overaccommodation, overconvergence and miotic pupils) known as spasm of near reflex (SNR).

Answer 6

spasm of accommodation

Question 7

A rare condition in which the accommodative system fails to respond to any stimulus.

Answer 7

paralysis of accommodation

Question 8

Patients who have this often have normal phorias and AC/A ratios but reduced fusional vergence amplitudes.

Answer 8

fusional vergence dysfunction

Question 9

Can be described as esophoria or esotropia at far greater than the near deviation by at least 10 prism diopters (PD).

Answer 9

divergence insufficiency

Question 10

May be associated with fatigue

Answer 10

spasm of accommodation

Question 11

Can be caused by the use of cycloplegic drugs or by trauma ocular or systemic disease, toxicity or poisoning.

Answer 11

paralysis of accommodation

Question 12

Also called as accommodative inertia

Answer 12

accommodative infacility

Question 13

Has different phorias in far and near.

Answer 13

mixed phoria

Question 14

Their zone of clear, single binocular vision (CSBV) is small.

Answer 14

fusional vergence dysfunction

Question 15

Patients who have this have high tonic esophoria at distance, a similar degree of esophoria at near, and a normal AC/A ratio.

Answer 15

basic esophoria

Question 16

Can be unilateral or bilateral, may be associated with a fixed, dilated pupil.

Answer 16

paralysis of accommodation

Question 17

Can be described as exophoria or exotropia at far greater than the near deviation by at least 10 prism diopters (PD).

Answer 17

divergence excess

Question 18

Can be described as exophoria or exotropia at near greater than the far deviation by at least 10 prism diopters (PD).

Answer 18

convergence insufficiency

Question 19

Can be described as esophoria or esotropia at near greater than the far deviation by at least 10 prism diopters (PD).

Answer 19

convergence excess

Question 20

The etiology of the higher esodeviation at near most

commonly is indicated by a ___________

Answer 20

high accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio.

Question 21

tonic esophoria is high when measured at distance but less at near.

Answer 21

divergence insufficiency

Question 22

This condition may also result from other causes, such as the use of either systemic or topical cholinergic drugs, trauma, brain tumor, or myasthenia gravis.

Answer 22

spasm of accommodation

Question 23

It occurs when the accommodative system is slow in making a change, or when there is a considerable lag between the stimulus to accommodation and the accommodative response.

Answer 23

accommodative infacility

Question 24

May be either comitant and idiopathic or noncomitant, due to muscle paresis or other mechanical cause.

Answer 24

vertical heterophorias

Question 25

triad (overaccommodation, overconvergence and miotic pupils) is also known as

Answer 25

spasm of near reflex (SNR)

Question 26

other word of fusional vergence dysfunction

Answer 26

vergence insufficiency

Question 27

What are the most common causes of newly acquired vertical diplopia or asthenopia with vertical deviation?

Answer 27

longstanding
decompensated
fourth nerve palsy

Question 28

Patient often reports blurred distance vision immediately

following sustained near work.

Answer 28

accommodative infacility

Question 29

Symptomatic patients usually have low fusional divergence amplitudes at distance and low AC/A ratios.

Answer 29

divergence insufficiency

Question 30

These patients demonstrate a hyperphoria in primary gaze that is initially greatest during depression and adduction of the affected eye.

Answer 30

vertical heterophorias