Accommodative and Vergence Dysfunction Flashcards
This occurs when the amplitude of accommodation (AA) is lower than the expected AA for the patient’s age and is not due to sclerosis of the crystalline lens.
accommodative insufficiency
Patients who have this has a deviation of similar magnitude at both distance and near
or if the difference between the far and near exophoria is below 10PD.
basic exophoria
It is the result of overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system.
spasm of accommodation
It is a condition in which the AA is normal, but fatigue occurs with repeated accommodative stimulation.
ill-sustained accommodation
- Receded near point of convergence (NPC)
- Exophoria at near
- Reduced positive fusional convergence (PFC)
- Deficiencies in negative relative accommodation (NRA)
convergence insufficiency
It is sometimes part of a triad (overaccommodation, overconvergence and miotic pupils) known as spasm of near reflex (SNR).
spasm of accommodation
A rare condition in which the accommodative system fails to respond to any stimulus.
paralysis of accommodation
Patients who have this often have normal phorias and AC/A ratios but reduced fusional vergence amplitudes.
fusional vergence dysfunction
Can be described as esophoria or esotropia at far greater than the near deviation by at least 10 prism diopters (PD).
divergence insufficiency
May be associated with fatigue
spasm of accommodation
Can be caused by the use of cycloplegic drugs or by trauma ocular or systemic disease, toxicity or poisoning.
paralysis of accommodation
Also called as accommodative inertia
accommodative infacility
Has different phorias in far and near.
mixed phoria
Their zone of clear, single binocular vision (CSBV) is small.
fusional vergence dysfunction
Patients who have this have high tonic esophoria at distance, a similar degree of esophoria at near, and a normal AC/A ratio.
basic esophoria
Can be unilateral or bilateral, may be associated with a fixed, dilated pupil.
paralysis of accommodation
Can be described as exophoria or exotropia at far greater than the near deviation by at least 10 prism diopters (PD).
divergence excess
Can be described as exophoria or exotropia at near greater than the far deviation by at least 10 prism diopters (PD).
convergence insufficiency
Can be described as esophoria or esotropia at near greater than the far deviation by at least 10 prism diopters (PD).
convergence excess
The etiology of the higher esodeviation at near most
commonly is indicated by a ___________
high accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio.
tonic esophoria is high when measured at distance but less at near.
divergence insufficiency
This condition may also result from other causes, such as the use of either systemic or topical cholinergic drugs, trauma, brain tumor, or myasthenia gravis.
spasm of accommodation
It occurs when the accommodative system is slow in making a change, or when there is a considerable lag between the stimulus to accommodation and the accommodative response.
accommodative infacility
May be either comitant and idiopathic or noncomitant, due to muscle paresis or other mechanical cause.
vertical heterophorias
triad (overaccommodation, overconvergence and miotic pupils) is also known as
spasm of near reflex (SNR)
other word of fusional vergence dysfunction
vergence insufficiency
What are the most common causes of newly acquired vertical diplopia or asthenopia with vertical deviation?
longstanding
decompensated
fourth nerve palsy
Patient often reports blurred distance vision immediately
following sustained near work.
accommodative infacility
Symptomatic patients usually have low fusional divergence amplitudes at distance and low AC/A ratios.
divergence insufficiency
These patients demonstrate a hyperphoria in primary gaze that is initially greatest during depression and adduction of the affected eye.
vertical heterophorias
