Assumptions Flashcards
Define the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by localisation of brain function’.
LOBF is the idea that certain parts of the brain are responsible certain functions when it comes to controlling behaviour.
Explain the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by localisation of brain function’.
There are 4 lobes in the brain. The frontal lobe is in charge of personality, decision-making and creativity whereas, the parietal lobe is responsible for sensory processing and spatial interpretation. The temporal lobe processes sound, memory and has Wernicke’s area (language comprehension). The occipital lobe processes visual information.
Give the example for the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by localisation of brain function’.
This has been proven through the research conducted on Phineas Gage where an iron pole was blown through his frontal lobe. He recovered very quickly however, as time passed, his family and friends stated that he became more aggressive and angry which was very different from his original personality. This shows that LOBF can influence behaviour due to the change in personality because his frontal lobe was damaged which controls personality.
Define the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by neurotransmitters’.
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers which are passed from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron across the synapse.
Explain the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by neurotransmitters’.
Electrical signals cause neurotransmitters to be released from the presynaptic neuron which diffuse across the synapse as a chemical messenger and then are absorbed by the postsynaptic neuron. It’s then converted back into an electrical message and carries along the neuron.
Give the example for the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by neurotransmitters’.
The neurotransmitter ‘dopamine’ allows you to feel pleasure and satisfaction and can increase your attention span/memory. If you don’t get enough of it then you can become less excited about certain things.
Define the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by evolutionary influences’.
Evolutionary psychologists explain human behaviour based on Darwin’s theory of evolution, natural selection. This suggests that the inherited structure of the human mind is the product of evolutionary processes.
Explain the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by evolutionary influences’.
These psychologists believe that individuals with most suited characteristics to their environment are more likely to have evolved which means they are more likely to survive. Their genes are passed on to offspring who will also be more likely to survive. This means that genes in evolved families are more likely to be passed to each new generation (survival of the fittest).
Give the example for the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by evolutionary influences’.
A fear of the dark is an example of this. In the past, most predators hunted at night, when we are especially vulnerable to be attacked due to poor eyesight so it was important that ancestors stay safe during the night. If not, they would die but over time this fear became instinctual and has been passed down today.
Define the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by the tripartite model of personality’.
This approach states that personality is not one whole, it is split into 3 parts which are often in conflict (id, ego and superego).
Explain the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by the tripartite model of personality’.
The id is the ‘pleasure principle’ which is in need of instant gratification. This is present since birth and it is viewed to be the only part of the mind present as an infant. The ego is the ‘reality principle’ which takes care of something when it’s needed. It’s associated with reason/logic and deals with conflict between the id and superego. The superego is the ‘morality principle’ and it’s an image of what you want to become. The superego ideal derives from rewards and positive models and the conscience internalises punishments/warnings.
Give the example for the assumption ‘behaviour can be explained by the tripartite model of personality’.
According to Freud, violent criminals often lack a sense of morality/remorse and seek instant pleasure/gratification regardless of the cost. This is particularly true in psychopaths. Lack of ego/superego. Dominant id.
Define the assumption ‘unconscious mind’.
Freud stated that there are different levels of consciousness, similar to an iceberg. Conscious is what we are currently aware of, thoughts and perceptions (tip of iceberg). Sub/pre conscious is what we can be conscious of if we tried (memories). Unconscious mind cannot be accessed but can still influence behaviour (iceberg under the water).
Explain the assumption ‘unconscious mind’.
Freud says that the unconscious mind has unresolved conflict and these influence our behaviour. Conflict between 3 partites creates anxiety. To protect the ego we have ego defence mechanisms which occur when there is conflict between the id, ego or superego. For example, regression; the abandonment of age appropriate coping strategies in favour of more child-like ones, retreating back to a time when one feels safe. Eg, displacement, transferring undesirable impulses from 1 person to an object/another person. Someone angry at their boss may go home and kick their cat.
Give an example for the ‘unconscious mind’ assumption.
Gothelf et al found that regression, denial, projection and repression were common in psychiatric patients suffering from anorexia- they relied on more mature defence mechanisms than other teens.
Define the ‘childhood experiences’ assumption.
According to Freud, we go through psychosexual development where the id, ego and superego develop. Early childhood experiences shape our adult personality and future relationships.
Explain the ‘childhood experiences’ assumption.
5 psychosexual stages:
Oral stage - 0-1 years. Libido focus - mouth.
Anal stage - 1-3. Libido focus - anus.
Phallic stage - 3-6. Libido focus - genitals.
Latency stage - 7-puberty. Libido focus - none.
Genital stage - puberty-adolescence. Libido focus - genitals.
Fixation - can lead to influence in adult personality.
Frustration/overindulging - at stages = fixation.
Give an example for the ‘childhood experiences’ assumption.
The oral stage:
Healthy development - breast-feeding, only id present, knowing we do not have full control over environment.
Overindulged - (fed as soon as they want, weaned too late) makes them optimistic, gullible, dependent.
Frustration - (kept waiting for food, weaned to early) makes them aggressive, pessimistic, envious.
Define the assumption ‘blank slate’.
Behaviourists believe that we are born a blank slate (tabula rasa). We learn all our behaviour and depend upon interactions and experiences with the environment.
Explain the ‘blank slate’ assumption.
They say we are born completely neutral, with only the most basic responses like crying, pain, hunger and will be moulded by the environment. The environment is a significant influence on our behaviour. The environment can determine how we will behave based on past experiences, new experiences, associations we make, reinforcement, we receive and observations, we make of other people. We do not have free will.
Give an example for the ‘blank slate’ assumption.
Bandura’s bobo doll study - they observed the models being aggressive and imitated them. The child learnt from their environment and showed aggressive behaviour. In the control group, adults didn’t behave aggressively so children didn’t show aggressive behaviour.
Define the ‘conditioning’ assumption.
Behaviourists believe that behaviour is learnt through the environment we grow up in. There are 2 types of conditioning; classical and operant conditioning.
Give an example for the ‘conditioning’ assumption.
In prisons, there are token economies in place, where good behaviour leads to tokens. Then these can be exchanged for desired items, eg cigarettes or food. This is positive reinforcement as they are receiving a reward for show good/desirable behaviour.
Define the assumption ‘humans and animals learn in similar ways’.
According to behaviourists, humans and animals learn in similar ways so we can study animals in a lab and extrapolate the results and apply them to human behaviour.