Assumptions

Question 1

Who made the behaviourist approach?

Answer 1

John B Watson 1930

Question 2

What do the behaviourists believe?

Answer 2

Behaviour should be studied scientifically
All behaviour should come from an individual’s interaction with their environment
-Behaviour should be reduced down to a stimulus response relationship (stimulus= an external response
Response= a behaviour produced in response to a stimulus)

Question 3

What is assumption 1?

Answer 3

Humans are born like blank slates

Question 4

A1 Blank slate- what is tabula rasa?

Answer 4

Blank slate, we are born blank and our environment raises us

Question 5

A1 Blank slate- what did this mean?

Answer 5

Newborns are born completely neutral with only basic responses like hunger, pain and crying. And will be moulder by the environment
Everything we have comes through environment
Nothings innate

Question 6

Is assumption 1 blank slate nature or nurture?

Answer 6

Nurture as our environment is how we learn and we aren’t born with responses so it’s Inmate

Question 7

Is assumption 1 blank slate determinism or free will?

Answer 7

Free will, we can choose what we want to be
But some may argue determinism as we can be what we want by learning their is observable behaviour
Personality and behaviour determined by environment meaning we don’t have free will over behaviour as it’s been shaped by environment and experience

Question 8

What is assumption 2?

Answer 8

Behaviours learned by conditioning

Question 9

What does behaviour is learned by conditioning mean?

Answer 9

All our behaviour is learned through the environment and there are 2 main mechanisms are how they are learned

Question 10

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, what are the 2 mechanisms?

Answer 10

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

Question 11

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, what is classical conditioning?

Answer 11

Learning is though conditioning

Question 12

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, classical conditioning how are associations made?

Answer 12

Previously unlearned response and a neutral experience are paired together enough times so the neutral experience will produce the unlearned response

Question 13

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, classical conditioning stage 1: before conditioning?

Answer 13

1) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) –> produces a unconditioned response (UCR)
2) Neutral stimulus (NS) –> produces no response

Question 14

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, CC: stage 2, during conditioning?

Answer 14

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) + Neutral stimulus (NS) –> produces an Unconditioned responses (UCR)

Question 15

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, CC: stage 3, after conditioning?

Answer 15

Conditioned stimulus (CS) –> produces a conditioned response (CR)

Question 16

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, evidence of classical conditioning?

Answer 16

Pavlov’s dogs

Question 17

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, conditioning schedule for pavlov’s dogs?

Answer 17

Stage 1- Before conditioning:
UCS= food —> UCR= salivate and eat food
NS= a bell —> no response
Stage 2- During conditioning
UCS= food + NS= bell –> UCR= salivate
Stage 3- After conditioning
CS= bell —> CR= salivate

Question 18

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, what is operant conditioning?

Answer 18

Learning through consequence
-More voluntary than classical conditioning, the idea that when behave in a particular way they are rewarded so they repeat it
If they are punished they will stop

Question 19

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, OC- what does reinforcement do?

Answer 19

Strengthens behaviour

Question 20

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, OC- what does punishment do?

Answer 20

Weaken behavior

Question 21

What is positive reinforcment?

Answer 21

A reward or pleasent consequence that increases the likelihood that a behaviour or action will repeated
for example, doing homework= positive point
Cleaning house= get a sweet

Question 22

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 22

When an unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour is made increasing the likelihood of that behaviour being reputed
e.g revising for a test= avoiding fatalism
Car no longer beeping after plugging a seatbelt ib

Question 23

What is punishment?

Answer 23

A stimulus that weakens behaviour because it is unpleasant and we try and avoid it
e.g. given after school detention if late

Question 24

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, OC- example of this?

Answer 24

Skinner’s rats

Question 25

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning OC, skinner’s rats positive conditioning?

Answer 25

Positive reinforcement- when the rats press the lever they get a treat

Question 26

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, OC- what is negative conditioning?

Answer 26

The rats get electrocuted with shocks and when they press the lever it stops

Question 27

A2- Behaviour is learned through conditioning, OC- what is punishment?

Answer 27

Rats in a room temperature box with heater, when the rats press the lever, the heater turns off and it gets cold

Question 28

What is assumption 3?

Answer 28

Humans and animals learn in the same way

Question 29

A3- humans and animals learn in the same way, what does this mean?

Answer 29

There is no differences in the way an animal learns and the way human learns
Both humans and animals are products of their environment and for both of them all their behaviour is determined by a stimulus response relationships
Humans may be more complex but they are essentially the same so our findings can be generalised

Question 30

A3- humans and animals learn in the same way, examples of classical conditioning?

Answer 30

Aversion therapy

Question 31

A3- humans and animals learn in the same way, CC- what is aversion therapy?

Answer 31

If we eat unhealthy food we get a pleasurable stimulus so we continue to eat
But if we get a mild shock whilst snacking an adverion is created and cravings are reduced

Question 32

A3- humans and animals learn in the same way, what is our operant conditioning?

Answer 32

Token economy

Question 33

A3- humans and animals learn in the same way, what is a token economy?

Answer 33

A token economy is behaviour modification main reinforcement is a token
Tokens are linked to a range of backup reinforcers so essentially they acquire symbolic value

Question 34

A3- humans and animals learn in the same way, example of token economy’s?

Answer 34

A cycle
Child had no tokens so can’t access what they desire
-Child enforces desirable behaviour
-Child given a token for a reward
-Child trades token for a reward
so is a cycle

Question 35

A3- humans and animals learn in the same way, where are token economy’s used?

Answer 35

In institutions like with the mentally ill, mentally handicapped or adolescence
For example, in a prison, if a prisoner does good things they get a token and if they get a certain amount of tokens they can get a reward