Assisted Feeding Flashcards

1
Q

when will a feeding tube be considered for a patient?

A

if patients aren’t able or willing to eat spontaneously

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2
Q

what nursing interventions can be used before placing a feeding tube?

A
avoid food buffets in kennels (one type at one time for a short time)
avoid prescription to avoid foo aversion
try different textured foods
ask if the patient can be given anti-emetic medication
discuss appetite stimulants
TLC 
offer food away from the kennel
analgesia (if painful)
offer usual diet and favorite treats
warmed food
prokinetic medication
is the condition worsening and can clinical signs be improved?
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3
Q

how long should a patient be anorexic for before a feeding tube is placed?

A

48 hours or more

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4
Q

when is a feeding tube placed?

A

a patient has been anorexic for 48 hours or more
if the vet anticipates the patient to be anorexic after a surgical procedure
if there is trauma to the mouth, head or neck
to administer precise oral rehydration or medicine for patients with AKI

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of feeding tube?

A

naso-oesophageal
oesophageal
percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy tube (PEG)

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6
Q

what equipment is needed to place an N/O tube?

A
surgical stapler
feeding tube of correct size
syringes that fit the feeding tube
local anaesthetic
sterile lubricant
gloves
sterile water
tape
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7
Q

what sizing is used for N/O tubes?

A

french gauge

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8
Q

what local anaesthetic is often used when fitting N/O tubes?

A

Proxymetacaine

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9
Q

how should an N/O tube be placed?

A

LA into nose and maybe eye
lubricate tube
push into nose quickly and medioventrally
push tube in gently until you reach the measured mark
when happy tube is correctly placed secure with tape and either superglue or staple to nose and head

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10
Q

where should the N/O tube be measure from and to in cats and dogs?

A

7th rib in cats and 8th/9th ribs in dogs up to the tip of their snout

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11
Q

how can you check that an N/O tube is correctly placed?

A

attach syringe to end and check for negative pressure

if negative pressure slowly administer 10mls of sterile water watching for signs of respiratory distress

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12
Q

describe how to administer an N/O tube feed

A

calculate required amount of food
wear non-sterile gloves
draw up the required amount of food into an appropriate syringe(s)
pre-warm food within syringes in a water bath
check for negative pressure
administer 10mls water as flush
administer food slowly (over 10-15 mins)
watch for signs of nausea or regurgitation
administer 10mls of flush after

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13
Q

over how long should N/O feeds be administered?

A

10-15mins

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14
Q

what should you do if you see signs of nausea or regurgitation during N/O tube feeds?

A

slow down or if marked stop feed and try again in half an hour

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15
Q

what are the main nursing considerations of a patient with an N/O tube?

A

keep face and muzzle clean
tempt with food before every feed
take buster collar off for walks if putting it back on is tolerated well
avoid food buffet in kennel
avoid offering any prescription diets as this can create aversion

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16
Q

how long can NG tubes be used for?

A

up to 7 days

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17
Q

how is an N/O tube removed?

A

remove staples from the patient or peel away the tape

use no-sterile gloves to pull the tube gently out of the patients nose

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18
Q

which conditions will contraindicate and N/O tube?

A
cat flu
congestion
rhinitis
head trauma
epistaxis
oesophageal disease
marked regurgitation
persistent vomiting
impaired gastric outflow
patients who are comatose or have limited gag reflex due to risk of aspiration
if nutritional support needed for more than 7 dyas
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19
Q

what are the complications of N/O tubes?

A

patients removing own tube
not getting negative pressure before a feed - tube displaced
infection
reluctance to eat due to irritation from tube
aspiration
large dogs requiring very large feeds due to small lumen
blockage

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20
Q

what equipment is needed to place and oesophageal feeding tube?

A
oesophageal feeding tube (correct Fr)
sterile gloves
non-sterile gloves
curved artery forceps
surgical prep equipment (clippers scrub and drape)
scalpel blade
bandage material
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21
Q

how is an oesophageal feeding tube placed?

A

passed into the mouth with forceps and incision made where forceps can be seen beneath the skin
passed out through the skin and then down oesophagus
suture in place

22
Q

what nursing care is involved in looking after the patient with a oesophageal feeding tube?

A

check stoma site twice daily
tempt with food before every feed
no neck collars or slip leads
administer medication through the tube where we can to create a positive relationship with food
avoid food buffets in kennel
avoid prescription diets so that food aversion isn’t formed

23
Q

how should the stoma of an oesophageal feeding tube be checked?

A
unwrap dressing
remove primary dressing
clean stoma site with 1:10 iodine
assess for swelling, discharge, redness and pain
check for negative pressure
flush
redress
24
Q

when can stoma sites of oesophageal feeding tubes be checked once a day?

A

if discharge reduces to minimal

25
Q

describe how to perform oesophageal tube feeding

A
wear non-sterile gloves
pre-warm food within syringes in a warm water bath
check for negative pressure
administer 10mls of flush
administer food slowly over 10-15 mins
flush again with 10mls
watch for any signs of regurgitation, reflux or nausea
administer medication
flush
26
Q

how long can oesophageal feeding tubes be in place?

A

weeks to months

27
Q

can oesophageal feeding tubes be managed at home?

A

yes

28
Q

how should an oesophageal feeding tube be removed?

A

wear non sterile gloves to remove
cut the suture holding the tube to the skin and gently pull away from the patient
apply primary dressing over stoma site

29
Q

what are the contraindications for oesophageal feeding tubes?

A

persistent vomiting
reduced / impaired gastric outflow
comatose, recumbent or dysphoric patients - aspiration risk
oesophageal disease

30
Q

what are the complications of a oesophageal feeding tube?

A

infection
loss of negative pressure - displacement
suture failure
blockage (although harder to blovk than N/O tube)

31
Q

what equipment is needed to place a percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy tube (PEG)?

A
PEG tube kit of correct size
endoscope
endoscopic forceps
suture material
surgical prep equipment
32
Q

what is found in a PEG kit?

A

guide wire
needle/catheter
PEG tube

33
Q

what position must the patient be in to place a PEG tube?

A

righ lateral

34
Q

how is a PEG tube placed?

A

endoscope used to shine through stomach to the skin and indicate correct location in the stomach (or surgeon uses finger to show placement via endoscope) to introduce the needle through skin into stomach
guidewire is fed through the needle and into the stomach and then out of patients mouth using endoscopic forceps
loop of PEG tube is fed through guidewire
loop at end of PEG tube is attached to mushroom tip
guide wire is pulled out of the stomach through the skin incision until the mushroom is against the stomach wall
PEG tube is secured with sutures

35
Q

how long does the PEG tube need to be in place before feeding can start?

A

24 hours

36
Q

describe how to feed through a PEG tube

A

wear non-sterile gloves
pre-heat food within syringes in warm water bath
aspirate contents of stomach until negative pressure
measure volume of stomach contents aspirated and then place back into stomach through PEG tube
adjust feed to include aspirated volume
administer slowly over 20-25 mins
administer any medication
flush with 10mls water

37
Q

how long should it take to administer a feed through a PEG tube?

A

20-25 mins

38
Q

what are the main nursing considerations for an animal with a PEG tube?

A

try to administer oral medications through the PEG tube where possible
check the stoma site twice daily
use Stockinette instead of a wrap dressing
tempt with food before every meal (if appropriate)

39
Q

how long can PEG tubes remain in place for?

A

cannot be removed for at least 7 days

remain in place for months

40
Q

why must PEG tubes be left in for at least 7 days?

A

allow healing to occur

41
Q

how is a PEG tube removed?

A

cut the tube and allow it to be passed naturally in faeces

firmly pull mushroom out of the stoma site

42
Q

what are the advantages of a N/O tube?

A

no GA required
quick to place
easy removal - no healing required
well tolerated

43
Q

what are the disadvantages of a N/O tube?

A
short term
risk of aspiration, not anchored in GI tract
irritating
can inhibit spontaneous eating
can block due to narrow lumen
time consuming feeds
44
Q

what are the advantages of an oesophageal tube?

A

can administer larger volumes more easily
can administer medications more easily
can be managed at home with the owner

45
Q

what are the disadvantages of an oesophageal tube?

A
GA required
stoma site can become infected
can dislodge if patient vomits or regurgitates
aspiration risk
can block 
time consuming feeds
46
Q

what are the advantages of a PEG tube?

A

large lumen to administer medication

can be in situ for months and managed by owner

47
Q

what are the disadvantages of a PEG tube?

A

GA required
must be in place for 7 days before removal so not good for short term support
cannot use it for the first 24 hours

48
Q

what is the calculation used for RER?

A

70 x BWT^0.75) = kcal per day

49
Q

what is the calculation used for RER if the patient is between 3-25kg?

A

(30 x BWT) + 70 = kcal

50
Q

what amount of their RER should animals be fed 24 hours after tube placement?

A

1/3 of RER

51
Q

what amount of their RER should animals be fed 48 hours after tube placement?

A

2/3 RER

52
Q

what amount of their RER should animals be fed 72 hours after tube placement?

A

full RER