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NCM101A LECTURE > Assessment Of The Neurological System > Flashcards

Assessment Of The Neurological System Flashcards

1
Q

A complex network of nerves and cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal cord, to various parts of the body

A

Nervous System

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2
Q

Center of the nervous system

A

Brain

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3
Q

6 parts of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Diencephalon
  4. Midbrain
  5. Pons
  6. Medulla Oblungata
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4
Q

Superior part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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5
Q

Coordinating voluntary movements

A

Cerebellum

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6
Q

Primary relay and processing center for sensory information

A

Diencephalon

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7
Q

Associated with vision, hearing, and others

A

Midbrain

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8
Q

Bridge between parts of the nervous system

A

Pons

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9
Q

Control center for heart and lungs

A

Medulla Oblungata

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10
Q

Lobe that controls emotional expression, memory

A

Frontal lobe

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11
Q

Lobe responsible for sensation, perception, and integration

A

Parietal lobe

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12
Q

Lobe responsible for visual processing

A

Occipital lobe

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13
Q

Lobe responsible for primary auditory perception

A

Temporal lobe

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14
Q

Long thin tubular structure made up of nervous tissue which extends from the medulla oblungata to the lumbar region of the vertebral column

A

Spinal cord

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15
Q

Functions primarily in the transmission of nerve signals from the motor cortex to the body

A

Spinal cord

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16
Q

Parts of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Peripheral nervous system

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17
Q

The 12 cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Vestibulocochlear
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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18
Q
  • most common neurologic symptom
  • pain may be mild or sever, acute or chronic, localized or generalized
  • 90% benign 10% pathology
A

Headache

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19
Q

Maybe a symptom of a serious medical problem

A

Headache

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20
Q

Early indication of a change in neurologic status

A

Mental status change

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21
Q

May begin slowly as forgetfulness, memory loss, and inability to concentrate to loss of consciousness

A

Mental status change

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22
Q

Fainting sensation

A

Dizziness

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23
Q

Sensation that the surroundings are spinning around

A

Objective vertigo

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24
Q

Sensation that the person is spinning around; accompanied by nausea, vomiting, nystagmus, and tinnitus

A

Subjective vertigo

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25
Q
  • can be a result of dizziness
  • temporary loss of consciousness
  • blacked out or had a spell
A

Syncope

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26
Q

Numbness or tingling sensation

A

Paresthesia

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27
Q

5 causes of paresthesia

A
  1. Diabetes
  2. Metabolic
  3. Neurologic
  4. CV Renal
  5. Inflammatory
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28
Q

Smell

A

CN I Olfactory

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29
Q

Visual acuity, pupillary constrictions, extraocular movements

A

CN II (optic), CN III (oculomotor), CN IV (trochlear), CN VI (Abducens)

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30
Q

Taste

A

CN VII (facial, CN XI (Glossopharyngeal)

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31
Q

Hearing

A

CN III (Acoustic)

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32
Q

Touch

A

CN V (Trigeminal)

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33
Q

(6) Examination of the Neurological System

A
  1. Level of Functioning
  2. Mental Status
  3. Cranial Nerves
  4. Cerebral Function
  5. Motor Function
  6. Reflexes
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34
Q

(4) Terms used to describe the level of consciousness

A

Alert, Lethargic, Stuporous, Comatose

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35
Q

Follows command in a timely fashion

A

Alert

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36
Q

Appears drowsy, may drift off to sleep during examination

A

Lethargic

37
Q

Requires vigorous stimulation (shaking, shouting) for a response

A

Stuporous

38
Q

Does not respond appropriately to either verbal or painful stimuli

A

Comatose

39
Q

Provides a more objective way to assess the patient’s LOC. Decrease score indicates impending neuro crisis

A

Glasgow Coma Scale

40
Q

Lower level response and indicates that the patient pulls away from painful stimuli

A

Flexes and Withdraws

41
Q

Ominous sign (indicates poor prognosis)

A

Abnormal position of the arms with legs extended and internally rotated, and feet plantar flexed

42
Q
  • flexion posturing
  • arms are flexed, chest and hands are clenched and internally rotated
A

Decorticate

43
Q
  • extension posturing
  • arms are extended, hands are clenched and hyper pronated
A

Decerebrate

44
Q

Result of lesion and or above the brainstem in the cerebral cortex

A

Decorticate

45
Q

Midbrain lesion

A

Decerebrate

46
Q

What do you ask when assessing orientation?

A

Time, Place, and Person

47
Q

Ask the date including the year and the day of the week

A

Time

48
Q
  • ask to state where he is
  • identify environmental cues
A

Place

49
Q

Usually remains intact the longest

A

Self-identity

50
Q
  • ask patient to state his name
  • orientation to a person is an omnious sign
A

Person

51
Q

Fourth area of orientation

A

Purpose

52
Q

Three types of memory

A

Immediate, recent, remote memory

53
Q

Repeat a series of numbers

A

Immediate memory

54
Q
  • what the patient had for breakfast
  • name 3 objects and recall them later
A

Recent memory

55
Q
  • ask dates of major historical events
  • ask birthdates or anniversary date
A

Remote memory

56
Q

Inability to communicate

A

Aphasia

57
Q

Rapid exaggerated changes in the mood

A

Emotional lability

58
Q
  • done in an interview
  • must check for the following: known brain lesions, suspected brain lesions, memory deficits, confusion, vague behavioral complaints, aphasia, irritability, emotional lability
A

Mental status

59
Q

Three types of sensation

A
  1. Exteroceptive
  2. Proprioceptive
  3. Cortical
60
Q

Superficial sensations that originate in the skin and mucous membranes
- examples. Light tough, temperature, and superficial pain

A

Exteroceptive senstations

61
Q
  • deep sensations with memory receptors on muscles, tendons, joints, and ligaments
  • tested within the modalities of motion and position
A

Proprioceptive sensation

62
Q

Those that require cerebral integrative and discriminative abilities

A

Cortical Sensations

63
Q

(4) Examples of Cortical Sensations

A
  1. Stereognosis
  2. Graphestesia
  3. Two-point discrimination
  4. Extinction
64
Q

Recognition of movements drawn on the skin

A

Stereognosis

65
Q

Recognition of solid objects through touch

A

Graphestesia

66
Q

Ability to discern that two points touching the skin are two different objects

A

Two-point Discrimination

67
Q

Individual ability to perceive two simultaneous light touches

A

Extinction

68
Q

They travel through distinct locations in the brain and because of this, assessing them can sometimes give us early and detailed information about an injury

A

Cranial nerves

69
Q

Involves assessment of the muscle size, muscle strength, muscle tone, muscle coordination, gait, and movement

A

Motor function

70
Q

Inspect all major muscle groups bilaterally for symmetry, hypertrophy, and atrophy

A

Muscle size

71
Q
  • Assess the power in major muscle groups against resistance
  • use 5 point scale in all extremities, comparing one side to the other
A

Muscle strength

72
Q

Performed in patients with neurological signs or symptoms of cerebral pathology (ex. Dizziness, loss of balance, poor coordination)

A

Cerebral Function

73
Q

Performed as part of a neurologic exam, either a mini exam done to quickly confirm integrity of the spinal cord or a more complete exam performed to diagnose the presence and location of spinal cord injury or neuromuscular disease

A

Reflex test

74
Q

Inability to recognize object

A

Agnosia

75
Q

Complete or partial loss of voluntary muscle movement

A

Akinesia

76
Q

Absence or impairment of ability to communicate through speech, writing, or signs

A

Aphasia

77
Q

Inability to express language even though person knows what he wants to say; also known as Broca’s or motor aphasia

A

Expressive aphasia

78
Q

Words can be spoken but are used incorrectly

A

Fluent aphasia

79
Q

Slow, deliberate speech, few words

A

Nonfluent Aphasia

80
Q

Inability to comprehend spoken or written words; also known as Wernicke’s or sensory aphasia

A

Receptive aphasia

81
Q

Inability to carry our learned sequencial movements or commands

A

Apraxia

82
Q

Inability to name object verbally, so patients talks around object or uses gesture to define it

A

Circumlocution

83
Q

Lobe affected in auditory receptive

A

Temporal lobe

84
Q

Lobe affected in visual receptive

A

Parieto-occipital nerve

85
Q

Defective speech; inability to articulate words; impairment of tongue and other muscles needed for speech

A

Dysarthria

86
Q

Impaired or difficult speech

A

Dysphasia

87
Q

Difficulty with quality of voice; hoarseness

A

Dysphonia

88
Q

Made-up, nonsense, meaningless words

A

Neologism

89
Q

(4) common neurological disorders

A

ADHD, MIGRAINE, ALZHEIMER’S, PARKINSON’S

NCM101A LECTURE (5 decks)

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