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NCM101A LECTURE > Assessing The Abdoment > Flashcards

Assessing The Abdoment Flashcards

1
Q
  • hollow tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
  • 7.5 meters long, consist of smooth muscles alternating with blood vessels and nerve tissue
A

Gastrointestinal Tract

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2
Q
  • happens when specialized circular and longitudinal fibers contract
  • aids in propelling food through the GIT
A

Peristalsis

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3
Q
  • a hollow muscular tube that connects food to the stomach
  • lies behind the trachea and infront of the spine
A

Esophagus

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4
Q

Propels food to the stomach

A

Esophagus

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5
Q

Length of esophagus in adults

A
  • 10-13 inches (25-33 cm) long
  • 3/4 inch (2 cm) across
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6
Q

Protects the entrance of the stomach

A

Cardiac sphincter

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7
Q

Guards the exit of the stomach

A

Pyloric sphincter

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8
Q
  • dilated saclike structures that lies obliquely in the LUQ
  • has 2 important structures (cardiac and pyloric)
  • stores food and mixes it with gastric juice
  • secretes intrinsic factor that protect b12 from stomach acids and facilitates absorption of b12
  • passes chyme into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption
A

Stomach

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9
Q

Semifluid mass of partially digested food

A

Chyme

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10
Q
  • absorb essential nutrients into the bloodstream
  • duodenum, jejunum, ileum
  • primary site for digestion
A

Small intestine

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11
Q

Aided in its work by the liver, gallbladder, pancreas

A

Small intestines

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12
Q
  • 10 inches
  • bile from the liver and pancreatic secretions are added to the chyme
A

Duodenum

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13
Q
  • part/s of the small intestine that are responsible for the breakdown and absorption of most nutrients
A

Jejunum (8 ft) and Ileum (12 ft)

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14
Q

Why is the appendix a breeding ground for intestinal bacteria ?

A

It contains large amount of lymphatic tissue

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15
Q
  • found in the ileocecal junction
  • narrowest part of the intestine and frequent site for bacteria and indigestible matter to become trapped leading to inflammation (appendicitis)
A

Appendix

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16
Q

Composition of the large intestines

A

Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus

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17
Q
  • absorbs sodium and water
  • stores food residue
  • eliminates waste products
  • helps synthesize vitamin b12 and K
A

Large intestines

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18
Q

(5) Accessory Glands

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Liver
  3. Gallbladder
  4. Bile ducts
  5. Pancreas
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19
Q

Three salivary glands

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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20
Q
  • produces saliva
  • secretes amylase
A

Salivary glands

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21
Q

Glands located under the ear and jaw

A

Parotid

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22
Q

Salivary gland located under the jaw

A

Submandibular

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23
Q

Located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue

A

Sublingual

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24
Q

Moistens and lubricates food

A

Saliva

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25
Q

Converts starches to maltose

A

Amylase

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26
Q

A greenish fluid in the liver that helps digest fats and absorb fatty acids, gives stool its color

A

Bile

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27
Q
  • metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, proteins
  • detoxifies blood
  • converts glucose to glycogen (stored in the lier)
  • converts ammonia to urea for secretion
  • synthesizes plasma proteins, stores vitamins, essential nutrients, and minerals
  • secretes bile
A

Liver

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28
Q

Cells that release insulin to regulate sugar level

A

Beta cells

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29
Q

Cells that secretes glucagon that stores carbohydrates

A

Alpha cells

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30
Q

Cells that secretes somastatin that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretions

A

Delta cells

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31
Q

Known as the hypothalamic inhibiting hormone

A

Somastatin

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32
Q

Enzymes that aid in digestion

A

Pancreatic enzyme

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33
Q

Secretes pancreatic polypeptide that regulates the release of pancreatic enzymes

A

F cells

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34
Q
  • stores and concentrates bile
A

Gallbladder

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35
Q

(3) Bile Ducts

A
  1. Hepatic ducts
  2. Cystic duct
  3. Common bile duct
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36
Q

Is a bitter tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine

A

Bile or gall

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37
Q

Duct that drains bile from the liver

A

Hepatic

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38
Q

Duct that drains bile from the gallbladder

A

Cystic duct

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39
Q

Duct that receives bile from the other two ducts and empties bile from the duodenum

A

Common bile ducts

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40
Q
  • located in the upper left side of the abdomen
  • filters the blood by removing old or damaged blood cells and platelets
  • helps the immune system by destroying bacteria and other foreign substance
  • stores RBC’s and platelets
A

Spleen

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41
Q

Serous membrane that covers the abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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42
Q

Type of peritoneum that lines walls of abdomen

A

Parietal peritoneum

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43
Q

Type of peritoneum that coats the outer surface of organs

A

Visceral peritoneum

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44
Q
  • maintain homeostasis of fluid and electrolyte and acid base system
  • controls BP through secretion of renin
  • secrete erythropoietin to stimulate production of RBC
  • removes waste product from the body
A

Urinary Tract (kidney, gall bladder)

45
Q

Contour of average adult

A

Flat, round, and scaphoid

46
Q

Contour of muscular patients

A

Flat

47
Q

Normal in infants and toddler; poor muscle tone; excess fats (adult)

A

Round

48
Q

Contour of thin patients

A

Scaphoid or concave

49
Q
  • abdominal area that appears swollen or distended, protruding outward
A

Protuberant

50
Q

(4) abdominal shape or contour

A

Flat, round, scaphoid, protuberant

51
Q

System that assist the abdomen with ingestion, mastication, deglutition of food and defecation

A

Musculoskeletal system

52
Q

Systems that protects and supports abdominal system

A

Integumentary and Musculoskeletal system

53
Q

Systems that provide oxygen needed to the abdominal system

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular system

54
Q

Rest and repair phase that release acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic response

55
Q
  • neurotransmitter for parasympathetic system
  • stimulates secretion of digestive juices and increase peristalsis
A

Acetylcholine

56
Q
  • response stimulated in response to stress
  • releases norepinephrine as a fight or flight response
A

Sympathetic response

57
Q
  • hormone that causes decreased in peristalsis and secretion of digestive juices
A

Norepinephrine

58
Q

When does the digestive system function at its maximum capacity

A

When it receives parasympathetic response from the peripheral nervous system

59
Q

An organ with endocrine and exocrine function

A

Pancreas

60
Q

Function of pancreas that facilitates release of insulin, glucagon, and gastrin that assist with catbohydrate metabolism

A

Endocrine function

61
Q

Function of pancreas that secretes bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum to aid in the digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates

A

Exocrine function

62
Q

Developmental variations in infants (3_

A
  1. Bladder located above symphysis pubis
  2. Liver takes up more abdominal space
  3. Weak abdominal muscles
63
Q

Most common in children because their abdominal muscles are underdeveloped

A

Abdominal respiration

64
Q

(2) Developmental variations in abdomen of children

A
  1. Abdomen is proportionately larger and has a slightly protuberant appearance.
  2. Abdominal respiration
65
Q

Most obvious in toddlers and preschoolers and diminishes to adult proportions during adolescence

A

Protuberance

66
Q
  • abdominal muscles
  • diastasis recti abdominis
  • diminished bowel sounds
  • conspitation
  • hemorrhoids
  • appendix
  • integumentary changes
A

Pregnant women

67
Q
  • dentition changes
  • reduced saliva, stomach acid, gastric motility, peristalsis
  • constipation
  • fat accumulation
  • harder to process medications (smaller liver)
A

Older adults

68
Q

Cultural variation
- sickle cell anemia and lactose intolerance

A

African americans

69
Q

Cultural variations
- GI CANCER

A

Asian American

70
Q

Cultural variations
- colon cancer

A

Ashkenazi jews

71
Q

Cultural variations
- alcoholism, liver disease, pancreatitis, diabetes, gallbladder disease

A

Native Americans

72
Q
  • most common complaint in abdominal area
A

Abdominal pain

73
Q
  • distention of the intestines or stretching of the solid organs burning, cramping, diffuse and poorly localized
A

Visceral pain

74
Q

Site away from the origin

A

Referred pain

75
Q
  • life threatening
  • sudden severe abdominal pain
A

Acute abdomen

76
Q

Pain location
- abdominal aortic aneurysm or early appendicitis

A

Umbilical region

77
Q

Pain location
- referred abdominal pain

A

Chest

78
Q

Pain location
- gastric ulcer

A

Epigastric region (left of midline)

79
Q

Pain that radiates to back, neck, or jaw

A

GERD

80
Q

Pain location
- Ruptured spleen, ectopic pregnancy, pancreatitis

A

Shoulder

81
Q

Cholelithiasis, mi, angina, biliary colic, pancreatitis

A

Scapulae

82
Q

Pain location
- renal problem, ureteral colic

A

Thighs, genitals, lower back

83
Q

Pain location
- abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

Lower and middle back

84
Q

(5) Weight Change

A
  1. Pathology
  2. Unhealthy life style
  3. Major depressive disorders
  4. Eating disorders
  5. Unexplained weight loss
85
Q

Indicates upper GI bleeding

A

Black, tarry stool

86
Q

Indicates lower GI bleeding

A

Black, bloody

87
Q

Indicates increased bile in obstructive jaundice

A

Clay colored stool

88
Q
  • dyspepsia or pyrosis
  • described as heartburn
  • burning sensation is usually worst after a meal
  • acid from stomach flows into the lower esophagus, causing burning sensation
A

Indigestion

89
Q

Refers to indigestion associated with belching

A

Eructation

90
Q
  • stress on the stomach wall or esophagus
  • distension, alteration in peristalsis, negative olfactory stimulation, inner ear problem, medications
A

Nausea

91
Q
  • peristalsis is reversed and esophageal sphincter opens to allow the contents of the stomach to be ejected
A

Vomiting

92
Q

Caused by irritation of the stomach lining

A

Vomiting

93
Q

Stimulation of vomiting center of brain

A

Medulla

94
Q
  • feeling bloated
  • air gas, fluid, tumor, accumulate in the abdomen causing its outward expansion beyond the normal girth of the stomach and waist.
A

Abdominal distention

95
Q
  • usually occurs after eating
    -unusually watery bowel movements
A

Loose stools

96
Q

Normal poop color

A

Brown

97
Q
  • indicates that food may be going through the large intestine too quickly
  • such as due to diarrhea
A

Green

98
Q
  • may indicate malabsorption disorder caused by parasite, illness, or disease
A

Yellow

99
Q
  • lack of bile in stool
  • may indicate bile duct obstruction
A

Light colored

100
Q
  • indicates that there is bleeding on the stomach, small intestine, or right side of the colon
A

Black/Dark

101
Q
  • blood is fresh and the bleeding is lower in the colon or rectum
A

Red

102
Q
  • the passage of fresh blood per anus, usually in or with stools
  • usually caused by inflammatory bowel disease
A

Hematochezia

103
Q
  • difficulty in swallowing
  • taking more time and effort to move food or liquid from your mouth to your stomach
A

Dysphagia

104
Q
  • result of hemmorhagic pancreatitis
  • bluish discoloration of the periumbilical region
A

Cullen’s sign

105
Q
  • an uncommon subcutaneous manifestation of intra-abdominal pathology that manifests as echhymosis or discoloration of the flanks
A

Turner’s sign

106
Q
  • burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux)
A

Heartburn

107
Q
  • symptoms are indigestion and stomach discomfort or pain
  • when malignant (cancer) cells forms in the lining of the stomach
A

Gastric cancer

108
Q
  • group of symptoms that occur together, including repeated pain in your abdomen and changes in your bowel movements, which may be diarrhea, constipation, or both
A

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

109
Q
  • a condition in which you have digestive symptoms- such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas, after you consume foods or drinks that contain lactose
A

Lactose Intolerance

NCM101A LECTURE (5 decks)

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