Assessing The Abdoment Flashcards
- hollow tube that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus
- 7.5 meters long, consist of smooth muscles alternating with blood vessels and nerve tissue
Gastrointestinal Tract
- happens when specialized circular and longitudinal fibers contract
- aids in propelling food through the GIT
Peristalsis
- a hollow muscular tube that connects food to the stomach
- lies behind the trachea and infront of the spine
Esophagus
Propels food to the stomach
Esophagus
Length of esophagus in adults
- 10-13 inches (25-33 cm) long
- 3/4 inch (2 cm) across
Protects the entrance of the stomach
Cardiac sphincter
Guards the exit of the stomach
Pyloric sphincter
- dilated saclike structures that lies obliquely in the LUQ
- has 2 important structures (cardiac and pyloric)
- stores food and mixes it with gastric juice
- secretes intrinsic factor that protect b12 from stomach acids and facilitates absorption of b12
- passes chyme into the small intestine for further digestion and absorption
Stomach
Semifluid mass of partially digested food
Chyme
- absorb essential nutrients into the bloodstream
- duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- primary site for digestion
Small intestine
Aided in its work by the liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Small intestines
- 10 inches
- bile from the liver and pancreatic secretions are added to the chyme
Duodenum
- part/s of the small intestine that are responsible for the breakdown and absorption of most nutrients
Jejunum (8 ft) and Ileum (12 ft)
Why is the appendix a breeding ground for intestinal bacteria ?
It contains large amount of lymphatic tissue
- found in the ileocecal junction
- narrowest part of the intestine and frequent site for bacteria and indigestible matter to become trapped leading to inflammation (appendicitis)
Appendix
Composition of the large intestines
Cecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anus
- absorbs sodium and water
- stores food residue
- eliminates waste products
- helps synthesize vitamin b12 and K
Large intestines
(5) Accessory Glands
- Salivary glands
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Bile ducts
- Pancreas
Three salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
- produces saliva
- secretes amylase
Salivary glands
Glands located under the ear and jaw
Parotid
Salivary gland located under the jaw
Submandibular
Located on the floor of the mouth under the tongue
Sublingual
Moistens and lubricates food
Saliva
Converts starches to maltose
Amylase
A greenish fluid in the liver that helps digest fats and absorb fatty acids, gives stool its color
Bile
- metabolizes carbohydrates, fats, proteins
- detoxifies blood
- converts glucose to glycogen (stored in the lier)
- converts ammonia to urea for secretion
- synthesizes plasma proteins, stores vitamins, essential nutrients, and minerals
- secretes bile
Liver
Cells that release insulin to regulate sugar level
Beta cells
Cells that secretes glucagon that stores carbohydrates
Alpha cells
Cells that secretes somastatin that inhibits insulin and glucagon secretions
Delta cells
Known as the hypothalamic inhibiting hormone
Somastatin
Enzymes that aid in digestion
Pancreatic enzyme
Secretes pancreatic polypeptide that regulates the release of pancreatic enzymes
F cells
- stores and concentrates bile
Gallbladder
(3) Bile Ducts
- Hepatic ducts
- Cystic duct
- Common bile duct
Is a bitter tasting, dark green to yellowish brown fluid, produced by the liver, that aids the digestion of lipids in the small intestine
Bile or gall
Duct that drains bile from the liver
Hepatic
Duct that drains bile from the gallbladder
Cystic duct
Duct that receives bile from the other two ducts and empties bile from the duodenum
Common bile ducts
- located in the upper left side of the abdomen
- filters the blood by removing old or damaged blood cells and platelets
- helps the immune system by destroying bacteria and other foreign substance
- stores RBC’s and platelets
Spleen
Serous membrane that covers the abdominal cavity
Peritoneum
Type of peritoneum that lines walls of abdomen
Parietal peritoneum
Type of peritoneum that coats the outer surface of organs
Visceral peritoneum
- maintain homeostasis of fluid and electrolyte and acid base system
- controls BP through secretion of renin
- secrete erythropoietin to stimulate production of RBC
- removes waste product from the body
Urinary Tract (kidney, gall bladder)
Contour of average adult
Flat, round, and scaphoid
Contour of muscular patients
Flat
Normal in infants and toddler; poor muscle tone; excess fats (adult)
Round
Contour of thin patients
Scaphoid or concave
- abdominal area that appears swollen or distended, protruding outward
Protuberant
(4) abdominal shape or contour
Flat, round, scaphoid, protuberant
System that assist the abdomen with ingestion, mastication, deglutition of food and defecation
Musculoskeletal system
Systems that protects and supports abdominal system
Integumentary and Musculoskeletal system
Systems that provide oxygen needed to the abdominal system
Respiratory and cardiovascular system
Rest and repair phase that release acetylcholine
Parasympathetic response
- neurotransmitter for parasympathetic system
- stimulates secretion of digestive juices and increase peristalsis
Acetylcholine
- response stimulated in response to stress
- releases norepinephrine as a fight or flight response
Sympathetic response
- hormone that causes decreased in peristalsis and secretion of digestive juices
Norepinephrine
When does the digestive system function at its maximum capacity
When it receives parasympathetic response from the peripheral nervous system
An organ with endocrine and exocrine function
Pancreas
Function of pancreas that facilitates release of insulin, glucagon, and gastrin that assist with catbohydrate metabolism
Endocrine function
Function of pancreas that secretes bicarbonate and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum to aid in the digestion of protein, fats, and carbohydrates
Exocrine function
Developmental variations in infants (3_
- Bladder located above symphysis pubis
- Liver takes up more abdominal space
- Weak abdominal muscles
Most common in children because their abdominal muscles are underdeveloped
Abdominal respiration
(2) Developmental variations in abdomen of children
- Abdomen is proportionately larger and has a slightly protuberant appearance.
- Abdominal respiration
Most obvious in toddlers and preschoolers and diminishes to adult proportions during adolescence
Protuberance
- abdominal muscles
- diastasis recti abdominis
- diminished bowel sounds
- conspitation
- hemorrhoids
- appendix
- integumentary changes
Pregnant women
- dentition changes
- reduced saliva, stomach acid, gastric motility, peristalsis
- constipation
- fat accumulation
- harder to process medications (smaller liver)
Older adults
Cultural variation
- sickle cell anemia and lactose intolerance
African americans
Cultural variations
- GI CANCER
Asian American
Cultural variations
- colon cancer
Ashkenazi jews
Cultural variations
- alcoholism, liver disease, pancreatitis, diabetes, gallbladder disease
Native Americans
- most common complaint in abdominal area
Abdominal pain
- distention of the intestines or stretching of the solid organs burning, cramping, diffuse and poorly localized
Visceral pain
Site away from the origin
Referred pain
- life threatening
- sudden severe abdominal pain
Acute abdomen
Pain location
- abdominal aortic aneurysm or early appendicitis
Umbilical region
Pain location
- referred abdominal pain
Chest
Pain location
- gastric ulcer
Epigastric region (left of midline)
Pain that radiates to back, neck, or jaw
GERD
Pain location
- Ruptured spleen, ectopic pregnancy, pancreatitis
Shoulder
Cholelithiasis, mi, angina, biliary colic, pancreatitis
Scapulae
Pain location
- renal problem, ureteral colic
Thighs, genitals, lower back
Pain location
- abdominal aortic aneurysm
Lower and middle back
(5) Weight Change
- Pathology
- Unhealthy life style
- Major depressive disorders
- Eating disorders
- Unexplained weight loss
Indicates upper GI bleeding
Black, tarry stool
Indicates lower GI bleeding
Black, bloody
Indicates increased bile in obstructive jaundice
Clay colored stool
- dyspepsia or pyrosis
- described as heartburn
- burning sensation is usually worst after a meal
- acid from stomach flows into the lower esophagus, causing burning sensation
Indigestion
Refers to indigestion associated with belching
Eructation
- stress on the stomach wall or esophagus
- distension, alteration in peristalsis, negative olfactory stimulation, inner ear problem, medications
Nausea
- peristalsis is reversed and esophageal sphincter opens to allow the contents of the stomach to be ejected
Vomiting
Caused by irritation of the stomach lining
Vomiting
Stimulation of vomiting center of brain
Medulla
- feeling bloated
- air gas, fluid, tumor, accumulate in the abdomen causing its outward expansion beyond the normal girth of the stomach and waist.
Abdominal distention
- usually occurs after eating
-unusually watery bowel movements
Loose stools
Normal poop color
Brown
- indicates that food may be going through the large intestine too quickly
- such as due to diarrhea
Green
- may indicate malabsorption disorder caused by parasite, illness, or disease
Yellow
- lack of bile in stool
- may indicate bile duct obstruction
Light colored
- indicates that there is bleeding on the stomach, small intestine, or right side of the colon
Black/Dark
- blood is fresh and the bleeding is lower in the colon or rectum
Red
- the passage of fresh blood per anus, usually in or with stools
- usually caused by inflammatory bowel disease
Hematochezia
- difficulty in swallowing
- taking more time and effort to move food or liquid from your mouth to your stomach
Dysphagia
- result of hemmorhagic pancreatitis
- bluish discoloration of the periumbilical region
Cullen’s sign
- an uncommon subcutaneous manifestation of intra-abdominal pathology that manifests as echhymosis or discoloration of the flanks
Turner’s sign
- burning feeling in the chest caused by stomach acid travelling up towards the throat (acid reflux)
Heartburn
- symptoms are indigestion and stomach discomfort or pain
- when malignant (cancer) cells forms in the lining of the stomach
Gastric cancer
- group of symptoms that occur together, including repeated pain in your abdomen and changes in your bowel movements, which may be diarrhea, constipation, or both
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- a condition in which you have digestive symptoms- such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas, after you consume foods or drinks that contain lactose
Lactose Intolerance
