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adults exam 1 > assessment of respiratory function > Flashcards

assessment of respiratory function Flashcards

1
Q

upper respiratory tract includes

A

nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, tonsils, adenoids, larynx, trachea

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2
Q

function of the upper respiratory tract

A

warms and filters inspired air

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3
Q

lower respiratory tract includes

A

lungs, pleura (visceral & parietal), mediastinum, bronchi & bronchioles, alveoli

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4
Q

function of the lower respiratory tract

A

responsible for gas exchange

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5
Q

4 different paranasal sinuses

A

frontal (lower forehead), maxillary (cheekbones), ethmoid (beside upper nose), sphenoid (behind the nose)

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6
Q

3 types of alveoli

A

type 1 make up 95% surface area, type 2 make up the other 5% of surface area & produce type 1 cells and surfactant, type 3 contain macrophages

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7
Q

outer layer of the pleura cavity

A

parietal pleura and attaches to the chest wall

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8
Q

inner layer of the pleura cavity

A

visceral pleura and covers the lungs, blood vessels, nerves, and bronchi

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9
Q

what is surfactant

A

a substance that reduces the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved. helps decrease surface tension at the air-liquid interface of the alveoli

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10
Q

the alveoli are the site of

A

gas exchange

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11
Q

oxygen transport

A

oxygen is supplied to cells and carbon dioxide is removed by the circulating blood

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12
Q

respiration takes place at what level

A

the cellular level, the use of oxygen

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13
Q

what is inspiration

A

active process, uses energy

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14
Q

what is expiration

A

passive process, no energy used

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15
Q

what is ventilation

A

movement of air in and out of the lungs

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16
Q

what is the diffusion in pulmonary diffusion and perfusion

A

oxygen and blood are exchanged at the air-blood interface

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17
Q

what is the perfusion in pulmonary diffusion and perfusion

A

blood flow through the pulmonary circulation

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18
Q

with pulmonary diffusion and perfusion what must happen

A

they must match/ balance

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19
Q

gas diffusion is decreased by

A

a decrease of oxygen in atmosphere, decrease in amount of alveolar ventilation, decrease in alveolar/ cap surface area, an increase of alveolar/ cap membrane thickness (carbon dioxide diffuses more easily than oxygen)

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20
Q

carbon dioxide transport

A

oxygen diffuse from the blood into the tissue, carbon dioxide diffuses from tissues to blood and is transported to the lungs

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21
Q

central chemical receptors in medulla respond to

A

change in CSF from chemical changes in blood from increase & decrease in pH to correct imbalance

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22
Q

peripheral chemical receptors in aortic arch and carotid arteries first responders to

A

changes in PaO2, then to PaCO2 and pH

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23
Q

mechanoreceptors in the lungs respond to

A

stretch, irritant, juxta capillary receptors (respond to changes in resistance) altered breathing pattern

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24
Q

proprioceptors in muscles and chest wall respond to

A

body movements, increased respiration

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25
Q

baroreceptors in aortic arch and carotid bodies respond to

A

increase & decrease in arterial blood pressure and cause either hypo or hyperventilation (Blood pressure)

26
Q

resting respirations is controlled by

A

excitation of the muscles by the phrenic nerve

27
Q

I & E centers (medulla oblongata and pons) control

A

rate and depth to meet demands

28
Q

increased CO2 levels equals

A

decrease in pH

29
Q

decreased O2 is referred to as

A

hypoxia (<70mmHg)

30
Q

gerontologic considerations about respiratory function

A

gradual decline in respiratory function in mid adulthood (35-40), vital capacity changes (amount of air needed to survive/ gets smaller with age and longer to recover, catch breath), strength of respiratory muscles decrease, alveolar changes, chest wall stiffens, increased dead space(area in the lungs where nothing is happening), decreased diffusion capacity(decreased surface area, scars), decreased ability to rapidly move air in and out of lungs (can’t exchange gases as well, harder to get air in, out)

31
Q

indications of respiratory problems

A

tachypnea, PaO2/FIO2 ratio, abnormal chest xray, restlessness/ anxiety, dyspnea, tachycardia

32
Q

what is hypoxia

A

decrease of oxygen to tissue and cell

33
Q

symptoms of hypoxia

A

change in mental status, tachycardia/ bradycardia, diaphoresis, hypertension, dusky color

34
Q

hypoxemia

A

decrease oxygen in blood

35
Q

respiratory acidosis = decreased ventilation which is (low RR)

A

increase of CO2

36
Q

symptoms of respiratory acidosis

A

lethargy, flushed dry skin, narcosis

37
Q

respiratory alkalosis = increased ventilation which is (high RR)

A

decreased carbon dioxide

38
Q

symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

A

increased neuromuscular irritability, cardiac arrhythmias

39
Q

pH level

A

7.35-7.45

40
Q

PaCO2 level

A

35-45 (below 35 means alkalosis)(above 45 is acidosis)

41
Q

HCO3 level

A

22-26

42
Q

vital capacity is

A

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration; expressed as IRV +Vt+ ERV

43
Q

4 types of hypoxia

A

hypoxemia, circulatory hypoxia, anemic hypoxia, histotoxic hypoxia

44
Q

pulmonary function test

A

noninvasive test that shows how well the lungs are working, how air is going In and out of your lungs

45
Q

ABGs

A

measures gas exchange at the cellular level

46
Q

venous blood gases

A

measures the balance of oxygen used by tissues and amount of oxygen returning to right side of heart

47
Q

end- tidal carbon dioxide

A

noninvasive method of monitoring partial pressure of CO2 at end exhalation

48
Q

pulmonary artery carries what

A

deoxygenated blood

49
Q

CT scan

A

may be done with or without contrast/ with the contrast you will get a warm sensation like you’re peeing

50
Q

pulmonary angiography: pre-op

A

before you have to have consent, check allergies and coagulation studies, monitor renal function with dye, NPO for 8 hours before

51
Q

pulmonary angiography during

A

test to see how blood flows through the lung. may get warm flushed feeling with administration of dye. dye is to be able to see the arteries

52
Q

pulmonary angiography post op

A

monitor for bleeding, check pulses distal to site, monitor skin color/ temp, VS, level of consciousness, O2 sat

53
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

looking at tissues in more detailed manner

54
Q

flouroscopy

A

tells how lungs are working, real time video of the movements inside a part of the body by passing xrays thorough the body

55
Q

V/Q scan

A

do a chest xray before, inject radioactive dye (perfusion), takes about 20-40 mins, then inhale radioactive gas with oxygen (ventilation)

56
Q

gallium scan

A

assess for inflammation in the lungs

57
Q

PET scan

A

looks at nodules in lungs, before that avoid caffeine, alcohol, tobacco fro 24 hrs before, NPO for 4 hrs before, and empty bladder. post scan encourage fluids. Uses glucose injected into a vein

58
Q

bronchoscopy pre op

A

NPO 4-8 hrs before, may need prophylactic antibiotic, remove dentures

59
Q

bronchoscopy post op

A

NPO until gag reflex retunes, start with ice chips, no hot liquids for 24 hours due to throat being numbed

60
Q

bronchoscopy

A

thin tube passed through your nose or mouth, does your throat into your lungs

61
Q

thoracoscopy

A

examination of the inside of the chest(intercostal space to examine pleural cavity), used to diagnose or treat pleural lung disease. may have chest tube after

62
Q

thoracentesis

A

removal of fluid/ air from the pleural space/ obtain species of fluid to test (needle into back to drain fluid, listen to lung sounds closely to make sure didn’t puncture a lung)

adults exam 1 (9 decks)

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