Assessment of Nervous System Flashcards
Neuroglial Cells
Nerve glue, support the neurons
of the CNS
5-10 more numerous than neurons
5 Types
Astrocytes
Fill spaces between neurons and surround blood vessels’
Provides physical support,
nourishes, and regulates
chemical environment
Oligodendroglia
oligodendrocytes
Formation of myelin w/in the CNS
(around axons)
(counterparts of schwann cells
in PNS)
Mircroglia
monouclear cells from bone marrow
Responsible for removing debris
(phagocytosis) in the CNS
Respond to infection
Ependymal cells
Line CSF filled cavities (the ventricles and
choroid plexus) of CNS
Also part of the blood brain barrier & aid
in regulating composition of CSF
Saltatory Conduction
The flow of ions between segments of myelin
rather than along the entire length of axon
(hopping)
CNS
Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS
A) autonomic nervous system
a) Parasympathetic
b) Sympathetic
B) cranial nerves
Synapse
Junction between neurons which impulses travel must have: * stimulus *action potential *calcium gates opening *neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine
In the central nervous system, acetylcholine acts as part of a neurotransmitter system and plays a role in attention and arousal. In the peripheral nervous system, this neurotransmitter is a major part of the autonomic nervous system and works for good nerve and muscle transmission
cholinesterase
Inhibits acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Alpha adrenergic receptors
beta adrenergic receptors
B1 - Heart
B2 - lungs, atreries, liver and uterus
Dopamine
Inhibitory or excitatory
helps control fine movement and emotions
a problem in Parkinsons
assoc. with eating, drinking behavior and sexual behavior
Gaba
amino acid, more of an inhibitory neurotransmittor
things like ativan work with gaba to relax
Serotonin
Usually inhibitory
controls sleep, hunger, behavior and affects consciousness
effect of acidosis on synaptic transmission
depresses neuronal activity
Ph from 7.4 to 7.0 induces coma
Effect of alkalosis n synaptic transmission
Increases neuronal excitability
Ph from 7.0 to 8.0 usually induces seizures
Effect of hypoxia on synaptic transmission
Brain is highly dependent on O2
Interruption of brain blood flow from 3-7 seconds can lead to unconsciousness
meninges
surrounds brain and extends down to sacrum three layers dura- tough layer attaches to scull arachnoid- fine layer pia mater- delicate layer
Circle of Willis
Located beneath the brain about the level of the pons anterior communicating artery & posterior communicating artery anterior cerebral artery & posterior cerebral artery
Different lobes of brain
Frontal Lobe Parietal Lobe Occipital Lobe Cerebellum Temporal Lobe
Frontal Lobe Functions
Controls Movements of voluntary muscles
injury to this affects personality and social behavior
Parietal Lobe Functions
Pain, coldness & touch
Occipital Lobe Functions
Receives & interprets visual stimuli
Temporal Lobe Functions
Receives interprets olfactory and visual stimuli
Contains auditory processing to understand spoken words
Contains the hippocampus, important for new memory formation
Basal Ganglia
made up of several structures, one in particular is the SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
regulates and controls influences on motor integration, suppressing muscle tone
influences postural reflexes( a major extrapyramidal motor system)
Thalamus
relay station for sensory and motor , to and from cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus
Regulates temp, H2O, Metabolism, appetite, emotional expression, sleep-wake cycle and thirst
Epithalamus
Growth and development
Brain Stem Contains:
Midbrain - Upper portion- cranial nerves 3-4
Pons - Between midbrain and medulla - cranial nerves - 5,6,7,8
Medulla - controls cardiac, vasomotor, RR-centers
Most all cranial nerves arise from the brain stem-
Cerebellum
Balance
(ballerina)
located below the occipital lobes
