Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Funds > Assessment of Heart and Neck Vessels > Flashcards

Assessment of Heart and Neck Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is perfusion

A

the flow of blood through arteries and capillaries delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

without the flow of blood oxygen and nutrients what would happen to the cells

A

the cells could not get nutrients which would result in cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are some causes of decreased perfusion/blood flow (4)

A
  • occlusions (DVT)
  • constriction (stenosis)
  • disease process (CVD)
  • shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some risk factors of decreased perfusion/blood flow

A
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • occupation
  • lifestyle
    -genetics
  • medical history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the order that blood flows through the heart

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the right ventricle pumps blood to the ______ to collect oxygen

A

lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the left ventricle pumps blood to _____

A

the rest of the bodies extremities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the ___________ valve is located between the atrium and ventricle
(R = tricuspid; L = bicuspid/mitral)

A

atrioventricular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

the ____ valve is located at the exit of the ventricles and beginning of the great vessels
(R = pulmonic; L = Aortic)

A

semilunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what order does blood flow through the heart valves

A

tricuspid -> pulmonary -> mitral -> aortic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what can happen/be caused if the heart valves don’t work properly

A

pressure from the ventricle can create backflow of blood in the heart, which can create clotting and a murmur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

aortic heart sound

A

2nd right intercostal space, base of the heart, S2 is heard loudest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pulmonic heart sound

A

2nd left intercostal space, where S2 is heard loudest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Erb’s Point

A

3rd left intercostal space, where murmurs are heard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

tricuspid heard sound

A

4th left intercostal space, where S1 sounds are heard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mitral heart sounds

A

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line, apex of the heart, where S1 sounds are heard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The ____ heart sound is from the closure of the AV valves

A

S1 (first heart sound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

With the S1 sound what AV valves are closing

A

mitral and tricuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what sound is S1 usually heard as

A

lub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

S1 corresponds with each carotid pulsation and is loudest at the ____ of the heart

A

apex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The ____ heart sound is from the closure of the semilunar valves

A

S2 (second heart sound)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the semilunar valves that are closing to cause the S2 heart sound

A

aortic and pulmonic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

S2 is usually heard as a ____ sound

A

dub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

S2 immediately follows the S1 sound and is loudest at the _____ of the heart

A

base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
S3 and S4 are referred to as _____ sounds or extra heart sounds
diastolic
26
S3 and S4 sounds result from what
ventricular vibration secondary to rapid ventricular filling
27
S3 (often termed ________) can be heard early in diastole, immediately after S2
ventricular gallop
28
S3 is best heard using the bell at the ____ area of the heart
apical
29
When is S3 normal
can be normal in young children and pregnancy (rarely normal in people over 40)
30
S3 can be associated with that disease processes (3)
- myocardial failure - CHF - volume overload
31
S4 is often termed _______ and can be heard late is diastole, just before S1 (extra beat at the beginning)
atrial gallop
32
what is an S4 sound usually a sign of
pathologic state, failing left ventricle (associated with CAd, HTN, MI)
33
S4 is best heard using the bell over the apical area with the patient in what position
supine or left lateral position
34
a ____ is a swishing sound caused by turbulent blood flow through the heart valves or great valves
murmur
35
a _____ murmur is not associated with any physiologic abnormality
innoocent
36
when do innocent murmurs occur
when the ejection of blood into the aorta is turbulent (common in children and young adults)
37
what are physiologic murmurs caused by
temporary increase in blood flow (can occur with anemia, pregnancy, fever, hypertension)
38
what is pericardial friction caused by
inflammation of the pericardial sac (commonly heard during the first week after a MI)
39
where is pericardial friction best heard
- using the diaphragm over the 3rd intercostal space to the left of the sternum (Erbs point area) (- have patients sit up, lean forward, exhale, and hold breath for best results)
40
what does pericardial friction sound like
high pitched, scratchy, scraping sound
41
where do the internal jugular veins lie
deep and medial to sternocleidomastoid muscle
42
where do the external jugular veins lie
more superficial than internal, lateral to the sternocleidomastoid muscle above the clavicle
43
how should a nurse observe the jugular venous pulse
- stand on the right side of the patient -patient should be in a supine position with their torso elevated 30 degrees, without a pillow -patient should have head turned slightly to the left - light can be used to observe for pulsations - elevate HOB to 45 degrees and observe for pulsations
44
when is it normal to see pulsation of the jugular vein and when is it not normal
- normal when patient is lying flat or at 30 degrees - not normal when the patient is elevated to 45 degrees
45
_____ distension or fully distended external jugular veins when a patient's HOB is elevated at or above 45 degrees is ABNORMAL
unilateral
46
jugular vein distension (JVD) indicates __________ that may be the result of right ventricular failure, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary emboli, cardiac tamponade
increased central venous pressure
47
how should you palpate the carotid artery
placing pads of the index and middle fingers medial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle
48
normal findings when palpating the carotid artery
pulses should be equally strong, 2+, no variation in strength, elastic, no thrills
49
what does a palpable thrill signify
turbulent blood flow
50
a nurse should auscultate the carotid arteries if the patient is how old
middle-aged or older
51
how should you auscultate the carotid artery
place the bell over the artery and have the patient hold their breath
52
normal findings when auscultating the carotid artery
equally strong, 2+, no beat variation
53
abnormal findings when auscultating carotid arteries
blowing, swishing, other sounds
53
pulse inequity can indicate what
arterial constriction, occlusion, narrowing of vessel in one carotid
54
weak pulses can indicate what
hypovolemia, shock, decreased cardiac output
55
loss of elasticity of carotid pulse can indicate what
arteriosclerosis
56
a bruit (blowing/swishing sound caused by turbulent blood through a narrowed vessel) indicates what
occlusive artery disease - if the artery is more than 2/3 occluded a bruit may not be heard
57
when inspecting the heart for visible lifts, heaves, and pulsations what position should the client be placed in
a supine position with the head of the bed elevated between 30-45 degrees
58
what pulse should be looked for when inspecting the heart
the apical pulse -if seen it will be in the mitral area (normal finding)
59
a _____ is a sustained forceful thrusting of the ventricle during systole
heave (or lift) -occurs due to increased workload
60
where is a right ventricular heave seen
at the sternal border (3rd intercostal space)
61
where is a left ventricular heave seen
at the apex (5th intercostal space or below)
62
how should you palpate the apical pulse
- remain on the patient's right side and have them lay supine -palpate at the 4th or 5th ICS, MCL with one finger pad (if it cannot be palpated have the patient roll midway to the left to bring the heart closer to the chest wall) -may not be palpable in obese patients
63
when palpating the apical impulse in the mitral area what size should it be
the size of a nickel
64
what should the amplitude of the apical impulse be
small like a gentle tap
65
what should the duration of the apical impulse be
brief (lasts through the first 2/3 of systole or less)
66
what does an apical impulse larger than 1-2cm, displaced, forceful, or longer in duration indicate
cardiac enlargement (displacement down and to the left = left ventricular enlargement or volume overload) (increased force/duration and no location change = left ventricular hypertrophy)
67
how should one auscultate heart rate and rhythm
- patient should be supine w upper trunk elevated 30 degrees - use diaphragm to auscultate high-pitched sounds and bell to detect low-pitched sounds/gallops - firmly press stethoscope when auscultating (Aortic, Pulmonic, Erb's point, Tricuspid, Mitral)
68
the ____ sound corresponds with each carotid pulsation and is loudest at the apex of the heart
S1
69
the ___ sound immediately follows S1 and is loudest at the base of the heart
S2
70
an irregular heartbeat is called an _____
arrhythmia (caused by: coronary heart disease, electrolyte imbalances in blood, changes in heart muscle, injury from a MI, healing process after heart surgery)
71
how do you check for a pulse deficit
auscultate apical pulse then count the radial pulse - the counts should be identical
72
what should you do when the radial pulse and apical heart rate are different
subtract the radial pulse from the apical and record the remainder as the pulse deficit (indicates a weak contraction of ventricles; occurs with atrial fibrillation, premature beats, and congestive heart failure)

Funds (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions