ASSESSMENT OF FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

1
Q

HEALTH HISTORY

A

Nutritional intake
Personal habits
HISTORY OF ACCIDENTS, INTIMATE PARTNER ABUSE

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2
Q

a symphysis-fundal height measurement

A

McDonald’s Rule

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3
Q

the distance from the uterine fundus to the
symphysis pubis in centimeters is equal to the
week of gestation between the _____ and _____
weeks of pregnancy.

A

20TH
31ST

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4
Q

Typical measurements
12 weeks -the _______ ______
20 wks - At the ________
36 wks - At the _________ _______

A

Typical measurements
12 weeks -the symphysis pubis
20 wks - At the umbilicus
36 wks - At the xiphoid process

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5
Q

fetal movement that can be felt
by the mother

A

quickening

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6
Q

– occurs at approximately 18 to 20 weeks of
pregnancy and
– peaks in intensity at 28 to 38 weeks.

A

Quickening

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7
Q

A healthy fetus moves with a degree of
consistency, or at least

A

10 times a day.

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8
Q

The Sandovsky Method

A

• ask the woman to lie in a left recumbent
position after a meal and
• record how many fetal movements she feels
over the next hour
• a fetus normally moves a minimum of twice
every 10 minutes or an average of 10–12
times an hour.
• If less than 10 movements occur within an
• hour, the woman repeats the test for the next
hour.

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9
Q

The Cardiff method (“Count-to-Ten”)

A

a woman records the time interval it takes for
her to feel 10 fetal movements within 60
minutes.

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10
Q

Fetal Heart Rate

A

120 to 160 beats per minute throughout
pregnancy.

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11
Q

Methods of acquiring FHR:

A

✓Rhythm Strip Testing
✓Nonstress Testing
✓Vibroacoustic Stimulation
✓Contraction Stress Testing

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12
Q

assessment of the fetal heart rate for whether a good baseline
rate and a degree of variability are present.

A

Rhythm Strip Testing

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13
Q

refers to the average rate of the
fetal heartbeat per minute.

A

Baseline reading

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14
Q

refers to small changes in rate that occur if
the fetal parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous
systems are receiving adequate oxygen and
nutrients

A

Variability

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15
Q

Rhythm Strip Testing CATEGORY

A

1) absent (none apparent);
2) minimal (extremely small fluctuations);
3) moderate (amplitude range of 6–25
beats per minute);
4) marked (amplitude range over 25 beats
per minute)

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16
Q

measures the response of the fetal heart
rate to fetal movement

A

Nonstress Testing

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17
Q

TEST RESUlTS FOR Nonstress Testing

A
  1. Reactive
    – if two accelerations of fetal heart rate (by 15 beats or
    more) lasting for 15 seconds occur after movement within
    the chosen time period.
  2. Nonreactive
    – if no accelerations occur with the fetal movements.
    – The results also can be interpreted as nonreactive if no
    fetal movement occurs
    – or if there is low short-term fetal heart rate variability (less
    than 6 beats per minute) throughout the testing period
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18
Q

a specially designed acoustic stimulator is applied to
the mother’s abdomen to produce a sharp sound of
approximately 80 decibels at a frequency of 80 Hz,

A

Vibroacoustic Stimulation

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19
Q

the fetal heart rate is analyzed in conjunction with
contractions.

A

Contraction Stress Testing

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20
Q

Contraction Stress Testing test result

A

• Negative (normal)
– if no fetal heart rate decelerations are present
with contractions.
• Positive (abnormal)
– if 50% or more of contractions cause a late
deceleration (a dip in fetal heart rate that occurs
toward the end of a contraction and continues
after the contraction)

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21
Q

measures the response of sound
waves against solid objects,

A

Ultrasonography

22
Q

Predict maturity by measurement of the biparietal diameter of
the head

A

Ultrasonography

23
Q

Woman should have a full bladder at the time of the
procedure.

A

Ultrasonography

24
Q

Uses of Ultrasound for assessing fetal growth and
development:

A
  1. Biparietal Diameter
  2. Doppler Umbilical Velocimetry
  3. Placental Grading
  4. Amniotic Fluid Volume Assessment
25
used to predict fetal maturity by measuring the __________ _________ (side-to-side measurement) of the fetal head.
Biparietal Diameter.
26
measures the velocity at which red blood cells in the uterine and fetal vessels travel.
Doppler Umbilical Velocimetry.
27
Based particularly on the amount of calcium deposits in the base of the placenta, placentas can be graded by ultrasound as
• 0 (a placenta 12–24 weeks), • 1 (30–32 weeks), • 2 (36 weeks), • 3 (38 weeks)
28
ased particularly on the amount of calcium deposits in the base of the placenta
Placental Grading
29
Amniotic Volume Index (AFI) or total is the sum of the two measurements.
– For gestations of less than 20 weeks, the uterus is hypothetically divided along the midpoint (the linea nigra on the woman’s abdomen) into two vertical halves. – The vertical diameter of the largest pocket of amniotic fluid present on each side is measured in centimeters. • For gestations of 20 weeks or more, the uterus is dividedinto four quadrants, using the linea nigra again as the vertical dividing line and the level of the umbilicus as the horizontal dividing line. • The vertical diameter of the largest pocket of fluid in each quadrant is obtained, and the four values are then added to produce the amniotic fluid index.
30
The average Amniotic Fluid index is approximately
12–15 cm between 28 and 40 weeks.
31
An index greater than 20–24 cm indicates
hydramnios
32
An index less than 5–6 cm indicates
oligohydramnios
33
may be recorded as early as the 11th week of pregnancy. • inaccurate before the 20th week, • however, because until this time fetal electrical conduction is so weak that it is easily masked by the mother’s
Electrocardiography
34
t may be most helpful in diagnosing complications such as ectopic pregnancy or trophoblastic.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
35
– substance produced by the fetal liver – present in both amniotic fluid and maternal serum.
Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)
36
f the level is abnormally high, it indicates fetal defects
Maternal Serum (MSAFP)
37
80% of Down syndrome babies can be detected by this method
Maternal Serum (MSAFP)
38
• may be performed in place of simple AFP testing to yield even more reliable results. • it requires only a simple venipuncture of the mother.
Triple screening, or analysis of three indicators (MSAFP, unconjugated estriol, and hCG)
39
is a biopsy and chromosomal analysis of chorionic villi that is done at 10–12 weeks of pregnancy.
Chorionic villi sampling (CVS)
40
an alternative method to remove cells for fetal analysis.
Coelocentesis (transvaginal aspiration of fluid from the extraembryonic cavity)
41
is the aspiration of amniotic fluid from the pregnant uterus for examination.
Amniocentesis
42
Amniocentesis Fetal complications
• hemorrhage from penetration of the placenta, • infection of the amniotic fluid • puncture of the fetus.
43
ormal amniotic fluid is the color of
water
44
lso called cordocentesis or funicentesis
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS )
45
s the aspiration of blood from the umbilical vein for analysis.
Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling (PUBS )
46
is the visual inspection of the amniotic fluid through the cervix and membranes with an amnioscope (a small fetoscope).
Amnioscopy
47
The main use of the technique is to detect meconium staining.
Amnioscopy
48
in which the fetus is visualized by inspection through a fetoscope (an extremely narrow, hollow tube inserted by amniocentesis technique)
Fetoscopy
49
infection of the amniotic fluid) may occur.
Amnionitis
50
Biophysical Profile Combines five parameters into one assessment
1. fetal reactivity, 2. fetal breathing movements, 3. fetal body movement, 4. fetal tone, and 5. amniotic fluid volume
51
Biophysical Profile fetus score on a complete profile
❑ 8–10, the fetus is considered to be doing well ❑ 6 is considered suspicious ❑ 4 denotes a fetus probably in jeopardy
52
Modified biophysical profile A healthy fetus should
• show a reactive nonstress test • AFI range between 5 and 25 cm