assessment 4 pt 3 Flashcards
What type of teeth do horses have?
hypsodont
How many teeth does a newborn foal possess?
zero
How many teeth does an adult horse possess?
36-42
What are wolf teeth? Does every horse possess wolf teeth?
1st premolar; no
What are the cheek teeth?
premolars and molars
What gender has canine teeth? Where are they found?
stallions; in bars
What are caps? Why are they a problem? How are they treated?
retained baby teeth; they cause discomfort; removed
How can wolf teeth cause problems? How are they treated?
they get in the way of the bit; removed
Where do dental occlusions or “points” occur on upper cheek teeth? Lower cheek teeth?
on the outside; inside
What is a dental float? What two types of instrument/equipment is used? What sedatives/tranquilizers are commonly used?
it files down teeth; motorized or handheld; xylazine, butorphanol, dexmedetomidine
What does RAO stand for? What are other terms used?
recurrent airway obstruction; heaves
pathogenesis of RAO
allergens cause bronchi to create mucus and become inflamed
causes of RAO
dust, moldy hay, mold, grass pollen
clinical signs of RAO
coughing, abnormal breathing sounds, enlarged and overused abdominal muscles
How is RAO diagnosed?
endoscopy or bronchoscopy
medical treatment of RAO
remove allergens and provide steroids
environmental management of RAO
clean, well-ventilated environment
other name for Equine Cushing’s Disease
equine pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
What causes Equine Cushing’s Disease?
tumor on pituitary gland causes an increase in ACTH which then increases cortisol produced by adrenal gland
clinical signs of Equine Cushing’s Disease
- hirsutism
- abnormal fat deposit on neck
hirsutism
long curly hair coats that don’t shed
tests used to diagnose Equine Cushing’s Disease
no single test is 100% diagnostic
low dose dexamethasone suppression test
- can cause laminitis
What medication is used to treat Equine Cushing’s Disease? What other treatment can be
implemented?
pergolide (prascend); good nutrition
What is another name for Equine Metabolic Syndrome?
peripheral cushings
How does EMS differ from Equine Cushing’s Disease
no hirsutism and occurs in younger horses
clinical signs of Equine Metabolic Syndrome
abnormal fat deposits, overweight, chronic laminitis
How is Equine Metabolic Syndrome diagnosed?
physical exam and lab tests
How is Equine Metabolic Syndrome treated?
low carb diet and manage symptoms
colic. Is it a specific disease? Is it an emergency?
stomach ache; no; yes
Why is the equine GI tract prone to disease?
the length of it
cecum in a horse
its 4 feet in length and prone to impaction
small colon abnormalities
not prone to colic
small intestinal abnormalities
prone to displacement or volvulus
large colon abnormalities
prone to impaction and twist
cecum abnormalities
prone to impaction
What is gas colic? List possible causes
excess gas in intestional tract; fermentation, poor diet, endoparasites
What is impaction colic? List possible causes
blockage in cecum; decreased water consumption due to changes in weather
What is spasmodic colic? List possible causes
muscles of intestinal tract spasm; stress
What is displacement colic? What are sequela of a displacement?
small intestine is twisted by either torsion or volvulus caused by hernia, entrapment, intussusception; caused by pre-existing injury
Epiploic foramen entrapment
small intestine become trapped in opening in liver
Nephrosplenic entrapment
large colon is trapped between kidney and spleen
Intussusception
telescoping or sliding of intestine within itself
Volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself; 360-720 twist
Torsion
intestine twists; 180-360 twist
intestinal obstruction. Give possible causes
Complete blockage of movement of ingesta through intestinal tract; impaction, displacement, endoparasites
List clinical signs of colic. Which types of colic tend to cause more severe signs?
kicking, rolling, kicking at abdomen, dog sitting
could be anything; displacements
What important questions must be asked when diagnosing a horse with colic?
will this case respond to medical treatment or need surgery?
Discuss the areas of importance when performing a physical exam on a horse with colic
flank and abdomen
What is the normal HR for a horse? What does a HR > 60 bpm tell us? HR> 80 bpm?
28-44; concerned; candidate for surgery due to shock
How is nasogastric intubation used in diagnosing a colic?
we can identify fluid build up
How is rectal palpation used in diagnosing a colic?
palpate intestines
What is a peritoneal tap? What can it tell us?
sterilely evaluate abdominal fluid
medical treatments used in colic
walking the horse, NSAIDS, nasogastric intubation
surgical treatments used in colic
exploratory laparotomy
